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- why do transmembrane proteins cross the phospholipid bilayer as an a-helix or B-barrel? A. These structures arrange polar peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds to the exterior of the helix or barrel while nonpolar side chains are on the interior. B. These structures sequester polar peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds to the interior of the helix or barrel while nonpolar sidechains are on the exterior.The Size of Cells and Their Components: a. (a) If you were to magnify a cell 10,000 fold (typical of the magnification achieved using an electron microscope), how big would it appear? Assume you are viewing a "typical" eukaryotic cell with a cellular diameter of 50 um.Can anybody suggest mixtures of phospholipids and/or sterols to better mimic plant plasma membranes?
- A transmembrane protein in the plasma membrane is glycosylated attwo sites in the polypeptide sequence. Where in this protein would youexpect these two sites to be found?a. in transmembrane segmentsb. in hydrophilic regions that project into the extracellular environmentc. in hydrophilic regions that project into the cytosold. could be anywheree. b and c onlyThe freeze-fracture technique demonstrated: a. that the plasma membrane is a bilayer with individual proteins suspended in it. b. that the plasma membrane is fluid. c. that the arrangement of membrane lipids and proteins is symmetric. d. that proteins are bound to the cytoplasmic side but not embedded in the lipid bilayer. e. the direction of movement of solutes through the membrane.A main function of the cell membrane is to be very selective as to what is able to cross through, a condition known as a ? barrier. In the fluid mosaic membrane model, lipids are organized in a ? arrangement, such that ? portions of the lipids are exposed to either the interior or exterior of the cell, while the ? lipid portions are sandwiched in the middle of the membrane.
- 2. Use the following vocabulary to label and draw a cell membrane: cytoplasm (cell lumen) extra-cellular fluid hydrophobic hydrophilic polar head non-polar tails a) How many O-H groups are there? And are the O-H areas of sucrose polar or non-polar? b) What is the term that is used to discuss how tightly or loosely an atom's nucleus has a hold of its valence electrons? c) Do you think any water molecules move in the opposite direction of the arrow? Explane your answer in detail.Explain how the amphipathic (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides) protein (shown; left)would be anchored in the phospholipid bilayer (shown; right); which portion do you predict would besticking out towards the water? Which portion would be hiding inside the membrane?A researcher is isolating proteins from a cell via different techniques. They find that when the cell is ground with a blender, all of the proteins in the cell can be extracted. However if instead the cell membranes are agitated in a 1.2 M KCl mixture, only about 70% of the total protein is extracted.What class of membrane proteins are in this soluble extract and what forces normally hold them to the membrane?What class of membrane proteins are the 30% of proteins that remain behind, and what forces hold these proteins in the membrane? If a solution of ionic solids was not available, what other solvent systems could be used to extract these proteins?
- fully describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer as seen in a membranous structure, such as tonoplast. How are the phospholipid molecules oriented? What characteristics of phospholipids allow for the bilayer to form?You make a phospholipid bilayer with short saturated hydro carbon tails. You measure the permeability of this membrane to oxygen and note it is very permeable. You then double the length of the hydro carbon tails, and remeasue membrane permeability. Would you predict that longer hydrocarbon tails increase of decrease permeability? Defend predictiona. You selectively label phospholipids with a fluorescent dye and perform the FRAP assay. You detect a single fluorescence molecule move 100 micrometre into the photobleached area in 2.5 seconds. What is the diffusivity constant for this phospholipid? b. Increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated phospholipids in a biological membrane increases membrane fluidity. Describe how the FRAP photobleaching and recovery curves would differ between membranes with 63% and 41% unsaturated phospholipids. c. Draw the FRAP photobleaching and recovery curves for your answer in b. d. What does the “immobile fraction” in a FRAP experiment suggest (see diagram)?
