Evaluation of Antiseptics and DisinfectantsThis experiment examines the bactericidal, or lethal, effect of commonly used antimicrobial agents. Anantiseptic refers to a chemical agent used on tissue, while a disinfectant is used on nonliving surfacesor fomites (objects). The efficacy of various antiseptics and disinfectants are evaluated by the diskdiffusion method, where inhibition of bacterial growth around a paper disk dipped in a chemical isused as an indicator of the effectiveness of that particular agent.When evaluating an antimicrobial agent, it is important to consider its mode of action as well as thetype of microbe targeted. Antimicrobial chemicals damage cells in a variety of ways. Soaps anddetergents are lipids, which dissolve lipids in the bacterial membrane. Agents such as chlorine andiodine destroy cellular proteins and spores. Alcohols dehydrate cells but are unable to penetrate sporecoats. Phenol compounds such as Lysol® have properties of both soaps and chemical agents. Otherfactors, such as temperature, type of object being disinfected, application time, and microbial target,can also influence disinfectant efficacy.The following bacteria are being tested in today's experiment:Staphylococcus: Gram-positive; thick peptidoglycan; tolerates high levels of salt and sugarPseudomonas: Gram-negative; extensive outer membrane proteins confer high resistanceEach student group will receive one chemical agent to test against both bacteria.Table 1 Microbial targets of common disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial chemical agents.TYPE OF AGENTEXAMPLESMODE OF ACTION70% ethanol or isopropanol; handsanitizer; Scope mouthwashDehydration; denaturesproteins; disrupts membranelipidsAlcoholPeroxide3% hydrogen peroxideOxidizing agentHalogen10% bleachOxidizing agentPhenolicAll-purpose disinfectant, 5% LysolDenatures proteinsCationic DetergentSoap, detergentDisrupts membrane lipidslodophorBetadine; tincture of iodineDenatures proteinsAcidVinegar, lemon juice, hot sauceDenatures proteinsEucalyptus, pine oil, ListerinemouthwashEssential OilDenatures proteinsDehydration; denaturesproteinsSoluteSyrup, sugar, salt After reading the experiment, consider the mode of action of the chemlcal agentand review the properties of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in your text. Use this informationto propose a testable hypothesis regarding which organism will resist the most disinfectants, and why.Assigned chemical agent:How does this agent specifically destroy microbial cells?Propose a hypothesis as to which organism will resist the most disinfectants, and why:Predict the specific experimental results that you should observe to support this hypothesis:Identify the:Independent variable, which is manipulated by the experimenter:Dependent variable, the outcome that cannot be manipulated by the experimenter:Control treatment, comparative benchmark which lacks the independent variable:Controlled variables, or factors that might affect the outcome which must be standardized; bespecific – use "incubation time for plates" rather than simply “time"1.2.3.4.

Question

Evaluation of Antiseptics and DisinfectantsThis experiment examines the bactericidal, or lethal, effect of commonly used antimicrobial agents. Anantiseptic refers to a chemical agent used on tissue, while a disinfectant is used on nonliving surfacesor fomites (objects). The efficacy of various antiseptics and disinfectants are evaluated by the diskdiffusion method, where inhibition of bacterial growth around a paper disk dipped in a chemical isused as an indicator of the effectiveness of that particular agent.When evaluating an antimicrobial agent, it is important to consider its mode of action as well as thetype of microbe targeted. Antimicrobial chemicals damage cells in a variety of ways. Soaps anddetergents are lipids, which dissolve lipids in the bacterial membrane. Agents such as chlorine andiodine destroy cellular proteins and spores. Alcohols dehydrate cells but are unable to penetrate sporecoats. Phenol compounds such as Lysol® have properties of both soaps and chemical agents. Otherfactors, such as temperature, type of object being disinfected, application time, and microbial target,can also influence disinfectant efficacy.The following bacteria are being tested in today's experiment:Staphylococcus: Gram-positive; thick peptidoglycan; tolerates high levels of salt and sugarPseudomonas: Gram-negative; extensive outer membrane proteins confer high resistanceEach student group will receive one chemical agent to test against both bacteria.Table 1 Microbial targets of common disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial chemical agents.TYPE OF AGENTEXAMPLESMODE OF ACTION70% ethanol or isopropanol; handsanitizer; Scope mouthwashDehydration; denaturesproteins; disrupts membranelipidsAlcoholPeroxide3% hydrogen peroxideOxidizing agentHalogen10% bleachOxidizing agentPhenolicAll-purpose disinfectant, 5% LysolDenatures proteinsCationic DetergentSoap, detergentDisrupts membrane lipidslodophorBetadine; tincture of iodineDenatures proteinsAcidVinegar, lemon juice, hot sauceDenatures proteinsEucalyptus, pine oil, ListerinemouthwashEssential OilDenatures proteinsDehydration; denaturesproteinsSoluteSyrup, sugar, salt After reading the experiment, consider the mode of action of the chemlcal agentand review the properties of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in your text. Use this informationto propose a testable hypothesis regarding which organism will resist the most disinfectants, and why.Assigned chemical agent:How does this agent specifically destroy microbial cells?Propose a hypothesis as to which organism will resist the most disinfectants, and why:Predict the specific experimental results that you should observe to support this hypothesis:Identify the:Independent variable, which is manipulated by the experimenter:Dependent variable, the outcome that cannot be manipulated by the experimenter:Control treatment, comparative benchmark which lacks the independent variable:Controlled variables, or factors that might affect the outcome which must be standardized; bespecific – use &#34;incubation time for plates&#34; rather than simply “time&#34;1.2.3.4.

Accepted Answer

There are few important points that should kept in mind :
The bacteria treated with allows stain to…

Assigned chemical agent: How does this agent specifically destroy microbial cells? Propose a hypothesis as to which organism will resist the most disinfectants, and why: