Assuming that the economy was initially at full employment and that the government now wants to change the composition of aggregate demand by increasing private investment while reducing consumption expenditure, but without changing the level of aggregate demand, what kind of mixed policy should be pursued? And represent this policy proposal on an IS- LM graph. You must use hand-drawn graphs to explain your analysis.
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- Elaborate on the difference between a binding and non-binding borrowing constraints and thetwo consumption functions that result.b. From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories ofConsumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compareand contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk Hypothesisin a closed economy with no government, where aggregate demand is determinedby autonomous consumption, investment (which is independent of output), and themarginal propensity to consume.a) Given that autonomous consumption is 20, investment is also 20, and the marginalpropensity to consume is 0.6, write out an equation for aggregate demand (AD) in thiseconomy. b) Given this aggregate demand equation, and the equilibrium equation Y = AD, usealgebra to find the equilibrium level of Y. c) Draw a diagram with output (Y) on the x-axis and aggregate demand (AD) on the yaxis. Draw two lines on this diagram: (i) Y = AD, and (ii) the aggregate demandfunction from part (a). Label the intercept of the AD line, and the point where the twolines intersect, with numerical values. (3 marks)d) Suppose that the marginal propensity to consume falls from 0.6 to 0.5. What wouldthe new equilibrium level of Y be? Illustrate your answer in the diagram you drew forpart (c). (2 marks)e) Calculate the value of…Assume that an economy is experiencing simultaneous equilibrium in both the product market and money market. Furthermore, assume the MPC is currently around a normal level of 0.65 and the sensitivity of real money demand to also around a normal level. Based on this information, answer the following questions: b) What is meant by the term crowding out? In your answer also explain the implications of crowding out for the macroeconomy. (***explanation of crowding out where the concept is clearly defined and implications for the macroeconomy are fully discussed) c) If the MPC rises to 0.8 and also the sensitivity of real money demand to changes in the income rises well, use the IS-LM model to illustrate the impact of expansionary fiscal policy. Label the initial point prior to the fiscal policy as A and the new point following the expansionary policy as B. (***Correct fully labeled IS-LM Model shown including adjustment from the diagram in a) and correct position of points A and B.)
- 1) The IS-LM Model a) In the IS/LM model explain what happens to equilibrium output and interest rate if governmentsimultaneously pursues expansionary fiscal policy and the central bank opts for a contractionarymonetary policy. Show with the help of a graph along with a very brief verbal explanation. b) Label the statements below as true or false and give a brief explanation for false statementsonly. i) For a given level of P (price), if M (nominal money) increases by 10%, M/P also increases by10% ii) A monetary expansion leads to a lower output and a higher interest rate. iii) Equilibrium in the financial market implies that an increase in income leads to a decrease ininterest rate making the LM curve downward sloping. c) Assume a model economy with the following parameters:C= 100 + 0.25 YD ; I= 100 + 0.5Y - 3000iG= 125 ; T= 100 ;(M/P)d = 6Y - 24000i ; (M/P)s = 4500Derive the IS and LM relation. 2) The short and medium run a) Suppose that the mark-up of goods prices over marginal…Assume that an economy is experiencing simultaneous equilibrium in both the product market and money market. Furthermore, assume the MPC is currently around a normal level of 0.65 and the sensitivity of real money demand to also around a normal level. What is meant by the term crowding out? In your answer also explain the implications of crowding out for the macroeconomy.Suppose that a local economy has the following values for Desired C, I, G, and NX at a price levelof 100 given by: C = 6,000 + 0.9(1 − t)YI = 3,100G = 900NX = 2,000 − 0.06YThe tax rate (t) is equal to 10%. For every $1 increase in the price level, AutonomousConsumption (C) and Autonomous Investment (I) each decrease by $1.It also has an aggregate supply (AS) given by: AS = 2p10. What is the Short-Run Real GDP in this economy? Show your work. 11. Is this economy running a primary budget surplus or a primary budget deficit? How largeis it (in dollars)? Show your work. Suppose also that this government has an outstanding debt of $10,000, owed with an interestrate of 1%.12. Is this economy running a total budget surplus or a total budget deficit? How large is it(in dollars)? What is this country’s debt-to-GDP ratio? Show your work. Suppose that the above questions (Q10 – Q11) is only for the year 2010. Assume thateverything is the same (Ceteris Paribus) in 2011 and 2012 as it was in…
- Determine how each of the following monetary or fiscal policy would shift the aggregate demand curve. Illustrate and explain the following effect. a. Assuming the economy is currently producing above the full employment output, the government decided to increase the personal income tax as a form of contractionary fiscal policy. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve. b. With the recession due to COVID-19, the central bank has decided to lower down discount rates and reserve requirements of the commercial bank. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve.Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of 0.9 is experiencing severe recession. a. By how much would government spending have to rise to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $40 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve the same increase in aggregate demand? b. Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax increases that would accomplish the same goal without changing the amount of outstanding debt. increase spend by increase tax byBased on the below information, help Renwick economy find the equilibrium level of output. Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply Equilibrium YAD = C + I + G YAS = A Kα L1-α YR =0.5YAD+ 0.5YAS C = 600 + βYD A = (1 + g) Ao YD = YR + TR - tYR K = 35 TR = 55 L = 80 G = 120 g = 6% I = 50 Ao = 150 t = 0.15 α = 0.65 Where C is private consumption, YD is disposable income; TR, G and I are transfer payments, government spending and total investment, respectively. A in the index of technology and K and L are capital and labour inputs. A0 is the initial levels of A and L, both assumed to be 150, while g is the growth rates. The MPC is 0.60. a.) Find aggregate demand…
- Assume that an economy is experiencing simultaneous equilibrium in both the product market and money market. Furthermore, assume the MPC is currently around a normal level of 0.65 and the sensitivity of real money demand to also around a normal level. If the MPC rises to 0.8 and also the sensitivity of real money demand to changes in the income rises well, use the IS-LM model to illustrate the impact of an expansionary fiscal policy. Label the initial point prioer to the fiscal policy as A and the new point following the expansionary policy as B.Suppose that the federal government decides to reduce the budget deficit and cuts government purchases by $200 billion and raise personal income taxes by $200 billion. Suppose the MPC = .5. a. How much and in which direction would the AD curve shift because of the government spending cut? b. How much and in which direction would the AD curve shift because of the tax increase? Show your work. c. Using the above numbers, draw the AS-AD diagram and illustrate the short-run impact of the combined policy action assuming the economy begins at potential output. Label the original equilibrium with point "A" and the new short-run equilibrium with point "B". d. Describe the impact of the policy action on employment/unemployment, spending, and prices/inflation. Be sure to include the impact of the spending multiplier. e. In moving from points "A" to point "B" on the AS-AD diagram, why do firms change their production? f. Characterize the labor market at point "B". g. Describe the process of…Question Two a. Explain the difference between a binding and non-binding borrowing constraints and thetwo consumption functions that result.b. From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories ofConsumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compareand contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk Hypothesis