Bumpers are built with springs that compress to provide a stopping force without, hopefully, denting the metal. Bumpers on cars are not of much use in a collision. To see why, calculate the magnitude of average force (to the nearest Newton) a bumper would have to exert if it brought a 1,870.99-kg car (a so-called compact model) to a rest in 15 cm when the car had an initial speed of 1.8 m/s.

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