Calculate the signal attenuation along a neuron of radius 5 um after the signal has travelled a distance 100 um. The ratio of the axoplasma resitivity to the wall resiativity is 0.01.
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Calculate the signal attenuation along a neuron of radius 5 um after the signal has travelled a distance 100 um. The ratio of the axoplasma resitivity to the wall resiativity is 0.01.
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- Compound X has been shown to block voltage-gated K+ channels with an IC50 of 0.1 mM. Which of the following is the most likely to occur in neurones following application of 0.03 mM X? Action potentials would be prolonged and the resting potential would be depolarised. Action potentials would be prolonged but the resting potential would remain the same. Neither resting potential nor action potentials would be affected because the concentration of X is less than the IC50 value. The resting membrane potential would depolarise but there would be no effect on action potentials.a) Describe the behavior of an unaffected neuron sitting at its membrane resting potentialstimulated by a suprathreshold stimulus.b) Now, add the effects of the consumption of the Fugu toxin and stimulate that neuron with a supra-threshold stimulus.- Describe (and/or diagram) the effect on the membrane potential by supra-thresholdstimulation under this condition.c. Using any ONE (1) of the following three (3) means we have used to interpret the resultingmembrane potential for a neuron, describe the effect of the Fugu toxin on a neuron:i) Goldman’s equationii) “Driving” toward Ex of most permeable ioniii) Movement/flow of charge + chargesTwo branching dendritic arbors are stimulated at the same exact time at locations A & B which are both 10 um away from the axon hillock. Upon stimulation, location A depolarizes 20 mV and location B depolarizes 15 mV. The time constant is the same in both dendrites. The length constant in both dendrites is 10 um. The RMP is -70 mV and the threshold to fire an action potential is -55 mV. Based on the above information, does the neuron fire an action potential? Explain your answer.
- Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosiswhich of the following would be true (more than one can be true)? a) summation of A and X would reach threshold b) summation of C and A would be a graded potential c) stimulation by A would depolarize cell d) stimulation by B would be a subthreshold depolarization e) summation of B and C would be a graded potential with the net value of 12 mV depolarizationAn enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one mportant reason for this effect?
- Separately, draw a table using arrows to depict the appropriate magnitude and direction of the forces and ion fluxes at different membrane potentials for a ligand-gated channel that is equally permeable to both ion X+ and ion Y+. The equilibrium potential for ion X+ is -60 mV, and the equilibrium potential for ion Y+ is -20 mV. Which item best represents the forces and fluxes for a membrane potential of -20 mV?The resting membrane potential of a neuron at 37°C is –60 mV (inside negative). If the freeenergy change associated with the transport of Na+ from o utside to in side is –10.0 kJ/mol, and [Na+]outside the cell is 260 mM, what is [Na+] inside the cell?gas constant R=8.315 J/mol.K; Faraday constant F=96.5 kJ/mol.voltYou have a photoreceptor cell in a dish. You are recording its membrane potential while flashing different intensities of light. Which of the following would you observe? Group of answer choices The cell hyperpolarizes, with brighter light causing more hyperpolarization than dimmer lights The cell depolarizes, with brighter light causing more depolarization than dimmer lights If the light is bright enough to reach threshold, it will fire an action potential No change in membrane potential will be observed
- Why was the postsynaptic CA1 neuron voltage clamped to +30 mV? To stimulate insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane To move NDA receptors into the synapse from an extrasynaptic site To cause coordination between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron To increase conductance of the NMDAR by removing the Mg?* block To stimulate AMPA receptors, which in turn activate NMDA Rs Explain the results obtained when AP5 was applied while the neuron was held at +30 mV. What is the interpretation of the result?If TTX (tetrodotoxin) selectively binds voltage gated Na+ channels, and you tag TTX with a fluorescent marker and then you use it as a probe to label voltage-gated Na+ channels in various neurons in the CNS, would you expect the pattern of fluorescence to be different between myelinated and nonmyelinated axons? If so, how? If not, why not?For a nerve fibre axoplasmic and extracellular ion concentrations were found to be respectively: Na+, 15 and 115 mM; K+, 90 and 3 mM; Cl-, 10 and 120 mM. Resting potential was -78 mV. Halving the external [Na+] caused a very slight hyperpolarization; doubling external [K+] caused considerable depolarization; halving the external [Cl-] had no effect. In each case the ions were replaced by impermeable salts. What can you deduce (with reasons) about the resting membrane conductances?