cequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Consider FM radio, which consists of 200 channels, each 150 kHz wide, and with 50 kHz guard bands between them. a) Calculate the channel spacing. b) Make an approximately scale drawing showing five of these channels and their guard bands. Make the leftmost channel be centered at 96.5 MHz. An extra diagram is provided if needed. f [MHz] 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 + f[MHz] 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5
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- (Practice) Although the total number of bytes varies from computer to computer, memory sizes of millions and billions of bytes are common. In computer language, the letter M representsthe number 1,048,576, which is 2 raised to the 20th power, and G represents 1,073,741,824, which is 2 raised to the 30th power. Therefore, a memory size of 4 MB is really 4 times 1,048,576 (4,194,304 bytes), and a memory size of 2 GB is really 2 times 1,073,741,824 (2,147,483,648 bytes). Using this information, calculate the actual number of bytes in the following: a. A memory containing 512 MB b. A memory consisting of 512 MB words, where each word consists of 2 bytes c. A memory consisting of 512 MB words, where each word consists of 4 bytes d. A thumb drive that specifies 2 GB e. A disk that specifies 4 GB f. A disk that specifies 8 GB4. (a) Suppose the encoding matrix is1−3 − 3 − 40 1 14 3 43Use the encoding matrix above to encode the messageGOOD LUCKUsing 1 for the letter A, 2 for B,….26 for Z and 27 for space.(b) Decode the encoded message(-19, -61, 83, -34, -111, 136, -35, -101, 119,-29,-83,84)using the following decoding matrix10 1 15 − 3 − 1−3 2 13What does the message say?Mapping is a process in which data is transformed between main memory and cache memory. Consider a computer with main memory capable of storing 1024 K words, each word in memory is 64 bits. The computer has cache memory capable of storing 2048 words, each word is of size 64 bits. Discuss with suitable diagram how associative mapping method can be used to transform data between main memory and cache memory?
- Scenario: In a biased N-bit binary number system with bias B, positive and negative numbers are represented as their value plus the bias B. For example, for 5-bit numbers with a bias of 15, the number 0 is represented as 01111, 1 as 10000, and so forth. Biased number systems are sometimes used in floating point mathematics. Consider a biased 8-bit binary number system with a bias of 12710 Question: What is the representation and value of the most negative number?Exercise 13 Name: 11.5 (Multiplicative ElGamal). Let G be a cyclic group of prime order q generated by g € G. Consider a simple variant of the ElGamal encryption system EMEG = (G. E, D) that is defined over (G. G²). The key generation algorithm G is the same as in EEG, but encryption and decryption work as follows: ⚫ for a given public key pku G and message mЄ G: E(pk, m) := eum, output (v, e) ⚫ for a given secret key sk= a € Zq and a ciphertext (v,e) € G²: D(sk, (v, e)) e/v Show that EMEG has the following property: given a public key pk, and two ciphertexts C1E(pk, m) and c2 E(pk, m2), it is possible to create a new ciphertext e which is an encryption of m₁ m2. This property is called a multiplicative homomorphism.EXAMPLE: Kocher’s timing attacks on cryptosystems illustrate this [1084]. Kocher notes that the instructions executed by implementations of cryptosystems depend on the setting of bits in the key. For example, the algorithm in Figure 9–7 implements a fast modular exponentiation function. If a bit is 1, two multiplications occur; otherwise, one multiplication occurs. The extra multiplication takes extra time. Kocher determines bits of the confidential exponent by measuring computation time x:= 1; atmp := a; for 1 := 0 to k-1 do begin If Zi = 1 then x := (x * atmp) mod n; atmp := )atmp * atmp) mod n; end; result := x; Figure 9–7 A fast modular exponentiation routine. This routine computes x = az mod n. The bits of z are zk–1... z0. Kocher’s attack derives information about the computation from the characteristic of time. As a cryptographic key is confidential, this is a side channel attack. This is an example of a passive side channel attack, because results are derived only from…
- Answer in python , java c++ only. Correct code and output screenshot required. Else i would downvote. In this problem, There are 109+7 metropolitan networks coordinated in a circle in this settlement and none of them are related now. Elon Tusk needs to relate a part of those metropolitan networks using only roads of a comparable size to cut down the creation cost of those roads. Because of that he gave a summary on N alludes to where a couple of alludes to can appear more than once and Q questions that you need to answer. For the inquiry you need to choose whether it is attainable to interface all of the metropolitan networks from Li to Ri on that summary using only roads of length Di. Information The chief line contains two numbers N and Q (1≤N,Q≤2⋅105 ) — the length of the assortment of metropolitan regions and the amount of requests you need to address. The ensuing lines contains N numbers addressing the assortment of alludes to. Next Q lines contain three entire numbers…CA_6 We study the properties of cache memory, and for reasons of easier design and efficient circuits, we assume that the cache capacity is 2i Bytes, and cache line size is 2j Bytes, with i and j being natural numbers: (a) How many bits should the tag field have? And can the tag field contain 0 bit (i.e., be empty)? Elaborate (b) Repeat the above for the index field. (c) Repeat the above for the byte-offset field. (d) Finally, depict a figure showing a cache line, indicate what fields it possibly has, state the possible sizes of these fields, and explain the uses of these fields.Example 9.7. In this example, we want to construct an 8-bit dedicated datapath for solving the following problem: Input an 8-bit number. Output a 1 if the number has the same number of 0’s and 1’s, otherwise, output a 0. (E.g., the number 10111011 will output a 0; whereas, the number 10100011 will output a 1.) he algorithm for solving the problem is shown in Figure 9.24. The WHILE loop is executed eight times using the counteight variable for the 8 bits in the input number n. For each bit in n, if it is a 1, the variable countbit is incremented, otherwise, it is decremented. At the end of the WHILE loop, if countbit is equal to 0, then there are the same number of 0’s and 1’s in n. After analyzing the algorithm, we conclude that the following registers and functional units are needed for the datapath: • An 8-bit shifter with parallel load register for storing and shifting n. • A 4-bit up counter for counteight. • A 4-bit up-down…
- Wireless sensor networks are a special kind of network that may transmit data. For data transmission between nodes and the base station, WSNs rely on sensor nodes. The computing resources and storage space of a sensor node are limited. In this thought experiment, we will consider a decomposable algorithm. To solve these subproblems at separate sensor nodes, would you prefer use divide and conquer or dynamic programming? Use succinct language.Suppose a 2D bounding box is given by (≤ is "less than or equal to"): -1 ≤ x ≤ 1-10 ≤ y ≤ 10 Compute the new Bounding Box for the transformation given by the following matrix: (see section 9.4.4) 0.866 -0.5 0.5 0.866 Now enter the xmax for the new Bounding Box (round it to 3 decimal places, if needed).Suppose you have a finite state machine that accepts bit strings divisible by 11. The FSM has 11 states R0, R1, ... , R10, each corresponding to the remainder when dividing by 11. Input is fed to the FSM one bit at a time from left to right, the same way we did in our in-class examples. If the machine is currently in state R7, an input of 1 should transition it to which state? Type the subscript only of the new state. Your answer should be an integer between 0 and 10, inclusive.