Coffee markets that conform to organic standards focus on the environmental aspect of coffee growing, such as the use of shade trees and a reduced reliance on chemical pesticides. A study of organic coffee growers was published in a reputable food trade magazine. In a representative sample of 843 coffee growers from a large region, 417 growers were certified to sell to organic coffee markets while 77 growers were transitioning to become organic certified. In a different country, 60% of the coffee growers are organic certified. Is there evidence to indicate that fewer than 60% of the coffee growers in the region of interest are either organic certified or transitioning to become certified? State the conclusion so that there is only a 5% chance of making a Type 1 error Determine the null and alternative hypotheses
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- Based on a survey of 12,344 U.S. college students and 6,729 Canadian college students, Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, and Wechsler (2002) report that alcohol use is more common among Canadian than U.S. students, but heavy drinking (five or more drinks in a row for males, four or more for females) is significantly higher among U.S. students than Canadian students. Is this an example of a survey research design?A sociologist wants to investigate the question, "Is there a relationship between texting during class and grade-point-average (GPA) among high school seniors in a large district?" Which study design is most appropriate? Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester, obtain each student’s GPA from the appropriate admissions and records office. Compare the GPA of students who routinely text during class to the GPA of students who do not text during class. Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester,…Do well-rounded people get fewer colds? A study on the Chronicle of Higher Education was conducted by scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia. They found that people who have only a few social outlets get more colds than those who are involved in a variety of social activities. Suppose that of the 276 healthy men and women tested, n1=96 had only a few social outlets and n2=105 were busy with six or more activities. When these people were exposed to a cold virus, the following results were observed: Construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the two population proportions.
- A low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence thatthe current government-mandated shutdown of society is not causing people’s mentalhealth to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if anyexpert says it’s necessary.He polls a random sample of 1600 citizens, gathering data on such items asincome loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, hours spent binge-watchingNetflix, and number of injuries caused by household fights, and compiles all thisinto a scientifically-weighted “misery index”.The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use apopulation standard deviation σ = 19.1.a) Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that thenationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null andalternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the P-value,and state your conclusion. (10)b) A CDC press release publishing the results of this study claims that…A low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence thatthe current government-mandated shutdown of society is not causing people’s mentalhealth to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if anyexpert says it’s necessary.He polls a random sample of 1600 citizens, gathering data on such items asincome loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, hours spent binge-watchingNetflix, and number of injuries caused by household fights, and compiles all thisinto a scientifically-weighted “misery index”.The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use apopulation standard deviation σ = 19.1.a) Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that thenationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null andalternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the P-value,and state your conclusion. b) A CDC press release publishing the results of this study claims that…A consumer advocacy group wanted to study whether different airline carriers differed in terms of their delayed flights. In particular, the researchers were interested in the relationship between p1, the proportion of Alpha Airlines flights that were delayed at least 15 minutes, and p2, the proportion of Beta Airlines flights that were delayed at least 15 minutes. A random sample of 1,000 Alpha flights and a separate random sample of 1,000 Beta flights found that 67 of the Alpha fights and 160 of the Beta flights were delayed at least 15 minutes. The conditions for inference were checked and verified. Does this set of samples provide strong evidence that Alpha Airlines has a smaller proportion of flights that are delayed at least 15 minutes than Beta Airlines, at the α = 0.05 significance level? Find the z-table here. A. The test statistic is z = –6.56 and the P-value ≈ 0. Since the P-value ≈ 0 < 0.05, there is not sufficient evidence that Alpha Airlines has fewer delayed…
- Although there is a popular belief that herbalremedies such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng mayimprove learning and memory in healthy adults,these effects are usually not supported by wellcontrolled research (Persson, Bringlov, Nilsson,and Nyberg, 2004). In a typical study, a researcherobtains a sample of n = 16 participants and has eachperson take the herbal supplements every day for90 days. At the end of the 90 days, each person takesa standardized memory test. For the general population, scores from the test form a normal distributionwith a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation ofσ = 12. The sample of research participants had anaverage of M = 54.a. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variablesbeing examined.b. Using the standard 4-step procedure, conduct atwo-tailed hypothesis test with α = .05 to evaluatethe effect of the supplements.At a TV assembling facility, the Quality Assurance (QA) department tested a random selection of 500 TV's assembled in March. The tested TV's had an average retail price of $475, 2.4% had some type of defect, and 7 did not power up at all. The plant manager compared that to the total 6753 of TV's that were assembled during the month of March. They had an average retail price of $395 , 3.2% had been reported defective by customers, and did not power up at all. For the QA department's tests, identify the population and the sample. Choose whether each number described below is a parameter or a statistic for the QA department's tests. Number Parameter Statistic The 7 TV's of the random selection of 500 TV's that did not power up at all The 2.4% of the random selection of 500 TV's found to be defective The average retail price of $395 of all the TV's assembled during the month of MarchA fall survey of 2 and 4 year college students showed that of 167,000 students who responded, 65,130 had experienced food insecurity
- . Although there is a popular belief that herbal remedies such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng may improve learning and memory in healthy adults, these effects are usually not supported by wellcontrolled research (Persson, Bringlov, Nilsson, and Nyberg, 2004). In a typical study, a researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 participants and has each person take the herbal supplements every day for 90 days. At the end of the 90 days, each person takes a standardized memory test. For the general population, scores from the test form a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation of σ = 12. The sample of research participants had an average of M = 54. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined. Using the standard 4-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with α = .05 to evaluate the effect of the supplements.In a study of the effectiveness of a new device that supports a weak or damaged heart, 150 people who consented to treatment were assigned at random to either a standard treatment consisting of drugs or the experimental treatment that consisted of drugs and surgery to install the new device. After two years, 60% of the 67 patients who received the device had improved and 40% of the patients who received the standard treatment had improved. Does this data provide convincing evidence that the proportion of patients who recieved the experimental treatment who improved is higher than for the patients who received the standard treatment? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05. (Use pexperimental − pstandard ).A) State the null and alternative hypotheses. H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps ≠ 0 H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps < 0 H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps > 0 B) Find the test statistic.z = C) What is the p-value?P-Value = D) State your conclusion in terms of…The fecal occult blood test, widely used both in physicians’ offices and at home to screen patients for colon and rectal cancer, examines a patient’s stool sample for blood, a condition indicating that cancer may be present. A recent study funded by the National Cancer Institute found that of 15,000 people tested on an annual basis, 10% were found to have blood in their stools. These 10% underwent further testing, including colonoscopy, the insertion of an optical-fiber tube through the rectum in order to inspect the colon and rectum visually for direct indications of cancer. Only 2.5% of those having colonoscopy actually had cancer. Additional information in the study suggests that, of the patients who were tested, approximately 5 out of 1,000 tested negative (no blood in the stool) but eventually did develop cancer. Create a probability table that shows the relationship between blood in a stool sample and colorectal cancer. Calculate P(Cancer|Blood) and P(Cancer|No Blood). The study…