Compute the necessary calculations and advise DD Traders Limited if it is worth investing in neither, in one or both of these two opportunities.
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DD Limited, South Africa, is a specialist manufacturer of electronic scooters. In seeking to expand its operations, it could acquire a French subsidiary company, AAA Limited, or set up a new division in its home market.
The relevant figures for these two options are:
Set up new division at home R and
Cost of setting up premises 2 2 440 000
Cost of machinery 8 7 00 000
Annual sales 33 000 000
Annual variable cost 1 4 050 000
Additional head office expenses 1 300 000
Existing head office expenses 3 220 000
Depreciation: machinery 10% on cost annually 8 7 0 000
Acquisition Euro
Acquire shares from existing shareholders 28 000 000
Redundancy costs 5 000 000
Annual Sales 39 000 000
Annual variable costs 18 000 000
Annual fixed costs 10 000 000
Consultants fees 750 000
Additional information:
- The project is expected to last for 7 years.
- DD Limited, current cost of capital is 10%.
- The French inflation is expected to be below the South African inflation by 1% per year, throughout the life of this
investment.
- The current exchange spot rate is R24.50 to the Euro (€).
Required:
Compute the necessary calculations and advise DD Traders Limited if it is worth investing in neither, in one or
both of these two opportunities.
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- Paterson Company, a U.S.-based company, manufactures and sells electronic components worldwide. Virtually all its manufacturing takes place in the United States. The company has marketing divisions throughout Europe, including France. Debbie Kishimoto, manager of this division, was hired from a competitor 3 years ago. Debbie, recently informed of a price increase in one of the major product lines, requested a meeting with Jeff Phillips, marketing vice president. Their conversation follows. Debbie: Jeff, I simply dont understand why the price of our main product has increased from 5.00 to 5.50 per unit. We negotiated an agreement earlier in the year with our manufacturing division in Philadelphia for a price of 5.00 for the entire year. I called the manager of that division. He said that the original price was still acceptablethat the increase was a directive from headquarters. Thats why I wanted to meet with you. I need some explanations. When I was hired, I was told that pricing decisions were made by the divisions. This directive interferes with this decentralized philosophy and will lower my divisions profits. Given current market conditions, there is no way we can pass on the cost increase. Profits for my division will drop at least 600,000 if this price is maintained. I think a midyear increase of this magnitude is unfair to my division. Jeff: Under normal operating conditions, headquarters would not interfere with divisional decisions. But as a company, we are having some problems. What you just told me is exactly why the price of your product has been increased. We want the profits of all our European marketing divisions to drop. Debbie: What do you mean that you want the profits to drop? That doesnt make any sense. Arent we in business to make money? Jeff: Debbie, what you lack is corporate perspective. We are in business to make money, and thats why we want European profits to decrease. Our U.S. divisions are not doing well this year. Projections show significant losses. At the same time, projections for European operations show good profitability. By increasing the cost of key products transferred to Europeto your division, for examplewe increase revenues and profits in the United States. By decreasing your profits, we avoid paying taxes in France. With losses on other U.S. operations to offset the corresponding increase in domestic profits, we avoid paying taxes in the United States as well. The net effect is a much-needed increase in our cash flow. Besides, you know how hard it is in some of these European countries to transfer out capital. This is a clean way of doing it. Debbie: Im not so sure that its clean. I cant imagine the tax laws permitting this type of scheme. There is another problem, too. You know that the companys bonus plans are tied to a divisions profits. This plan could cost all of the European managers a lot of money. Jeff: Debbie, you have no reason to worry about the effect on your bonusor on our evaluation of your performance. Corporate management has already taken steps to ensure no loss of compensation. The plan is to compute what income would have been if the old price had prevailed and base bonuses on that figure. Ill meet with the other divisional managers and explain the situation to them as well. Debbie: The bonus adjustment seems fair, although I wonder if the reasons for the drop in profits will be remembered in a couple of years when Im being considered for promotion. Anyway, I still have some strong ethical concerns about this. How does this scheme relate to the tax laws? Jeff: We will be in technical compliance with the tax laws. In the United States, Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code governs this type of transaction. The key to this law, as well as most European laws, is evidence of an arms-length price. Since youre a distributor, we can use the resale price method to determine such a price. Essentially, the arms-length price for the transferred good is backed into by starting with the price at which you sell the product and then adjusting that price for the markup and other legitimate differences, such as tariffs and transportation. Debbie: If I were a French tax auditor, I would wonder why the markup dropped from last year to this year. Are we being good citizens and meeting the fiscal responsibilities imposed on us by each country in which we operate? Jeff: Well, a French tax auditor might wonder about the drop in markup. But, the markup is still within reason, and we can make a good argument for increased costs. In fact, weve already instructed the managers of our manufacturing divisions to legitimately reassign as many costs as they can to the European product lines. So far, they have been very successful. I think our records will support the increase that you are receiving. You really do not need to be concerned with the tax authorities. Our tax department assures me that this has been carefully researchedits unlikely that a tax audit will create any difficulties. Itll all be legal and above board. Weve done this several times in the past with total success. Required: 1. Do you think that the tax-minimization scheme described to Debbie Kishimoto is in harmony with the ethical behavior that should be displayed by top corporate executives? Why or why not? What would you do if you were Debbie? 2. Apparently, the tax department of Paterson Company has been strongly involved in developing the tax-minimization scheme. Assume that the accountants responsible for the decision are CMAs and members of the IMA, subject to the IMA standards of ethical conduct. Review the IMA standards for ethical conduct in Chapter 1. Are any of these standards being violated by the accountants in Patersons tax department? If so, identify them. What should these tax accountants do if requested to develop a questionable taxminimization scheme?Due to rising labor costs in Malaysia, Domain Computer, based in Singapore, is considering shifting part of its production facilities from Malaysia to an emerging market, Vietnam, to better integrate its supply chain in the South east Asia region. John Lawson, the CFO of the company, estimates that Domain Computer needs to invest USD735,000 to acquire an existing factory in Vietnam and another USD285,000 in renovations and installation of new machineries. The cost of training new workers is estimated to be USD310,000. He believes that the new factory will lead to an estimated USD928,000 savings in labor costs and another USD417,000 savings in logistics expenses. Required: Use cost-benefit analysis to recommend whether Domain Computer should shift parts of its production facilities from Malaysia to Vietnam. Explain your answer. You are required to write 500 to 800 words. ( Currently I have completed my Cost-benefit analysis; but I am confused as to how to use PESTLE's analysis with…Khan Ltd. has two divisions, Europe and Asia. Europe produces a ball bearing that Asia uses in its production. Europe's variable cost is $2 per unit and the fixed cost per unit is $1.50. Ball bearings sell on the open market for $6 each. If Europe has excess capacity, what would be the minimum transfer price if Asia currently is purchasing 100,000 units on the open market?
- Marky Ltd has two divisions, assembly and electrical. The assembly division transfers partiallycompleted components to the electrical division at a predetermined transfer price. The assemblydivision’s standard variable production cost per unit is $550. This division has spare capacity, and itcould sell all its components to outside buyers at $680 per unit in a perfectly competitive market.Required:a) Determine a transfer price using the general rule.b) How would the transfer price change if the assembly division had no spare capacity? c) What transfer price would you recommend if there was no outside market for the transferredcomponent and the assembly division had spare capacity? d) Explain how negotiation between the supplying and buying units may be used to set transferprices. How does this relate to the general transfer pricing rule?Quest Motors, Inc., operates as a decentralized multidivision company. The Vivo division of Quest Motors purchases most of its airbags from the airbag division. The airbag division’s incremental cost for manufacturing the airbags is $90 per unit. The airbag division is currently working at 80% of capacity. The current market price of the airbags is $125 per unit. Q. If the two divisions were to negotiate a transfer price, what is the range of possible transfer prices? Evaluate this negotiated transfer-pricing policy using the criteria of goal congruence, evaluating division performance, motivating management effort, and preserving division autonomy.In addition to its Australian business, Big Red Bicycle is considering manufacturing anew range of cheaper bicycles in Indonesia. The following information is available:● The Indonesian plant has capacity to manufacture 8,000 units.● Big Red Bicycle’s strategic goal is to generate a pretax profit of $1,000,000 forthe next financial year for Indonesian operations.● Clients will pay a maximum of $500 per bicycle● Possibility exists for move to Indian plant with capacity for 10,000 units.● Market for bicycles is growing rapidly and BRB will be able to sell allunitsproduced.● Limited ability to renegotiate costs with suppliers.● Pricing and cost information is as follows. Bicycle price per unit $500 (excl. GST)Current variable costs perunit $250 Fixed costs $1,280,000 Complete the following. 1. On your response document, work out:a. how many units at current variable cost would need to be produced toachieve profit target (show calculations)b. what the variable costs per unit would need to…
- Spark Ltd has two divisions, assembly and electrical. The assembly division transfers partially completed components to the electrical division at a predetermined transfer price. The assembly division’s standard variable production cost per unit is $550. This division has spare capacity, and it could sell all its components to outside buyers at $680 per unit in a perfectly competitive market. a) Determine a transfer price using the general rule.b) How would the transfer price change if the assembly division had no spare capacity? c) What transfer price would you recommend if there was no outside market for the transferredcomponent and the assembly division had spare capacity? d) Explain how negotiation between the supplying and buying units may be used to set transferprices. How does this relate to the general transfer pricing rule?Billabong Fashion is based in Melbourne, Australia. Billabong Fashion has a subsidiary in Shanghai that generates RMB85 million in annual sales. Any earnings generated by the subsidiary are reinvested to support its operations. Belle Fashion is the close competitor of Billabong Fashion. Belle Fashion is a local Australian company located in Japan with annual export sale to Malaysia of about MYR 45 million. Based on the information provided, which firm is subject to a higher degree of translation exposure? Justify your answer with thorough explanation on both companies.Spark Ltd has two divisions, assembly and electrical. The assembly division transfers partially completed components to the electrical division at a predetermined transfer price. The assembly division’s standard variable production cost per unit is $550. This division has spare capacity, and it could sell all its components to outside buyers at $680 per unit in a perfectly competitive market. Required: a) Determine a transfer price using the general rule. b) How would the transfer price change if the assembly division had no spare capacity? c) What transfer price would you recommend if there was no outside market for the transferred component and the assembly division had spare capacity? d) Explain how negotiation between the supplying and buying units may be used to set transfer prices. How does this relate to the general transfer pricing rule? (\ maximum 200 words)
