Consider a hypothetical 32-bit microprocessor having 32-bit instructions composed of two fields. The first byte contains the opcode and the remainder an immediate operand or an operand address. a. What is the maximum directly addressable memory capacity (in bytes)? b. Discuss the impact on the system speed if the microprocessor bus has 1. a 32-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus, or 2. a 16-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus. c. How many bits are needed for the program counter and the instruction register?
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- Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?How does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining more efficient when executing conditional BRANCH instructions?Consider a hypothetical microprocessor having 32-bit instructions composed of two fields: the first Byte contains the opcode and the remainder the immediate operand or operand address. What is the maximum directly accessible memory capacity (in Bytes)? Discuss the impact on the system speed if the microprocessor bus has: a 32-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus a 16-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus
- 5. Consider two microprocessors having 8- and 16-bit-wide external data buses, respectively. The two processors are identical otherwise and their bus cycles take just as long. (a) Suppose all instructions and operands are one byte long, by what factor do the maximum data transfer rates differ?Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (e.g., assume the program counter and the address registers are 16 bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to a “16-bit memory”? What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to an “8-bit memory”? What architectural features will allow this microprocessor to access a separate “I/O space”? If an input and an output instruction can specify an 8-bit I/O port number, how many 8-bit I/O ports can the microprocessor support? How many 16-bit I/O ports? Explain.Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (for example, assume that the program counter and the address registers are 16-bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to a “16-bit memory”? What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it connected to an “8-bit memory”? What architectural features will allow this microprocessor to access a separate I/O spece? If an input and an output instruction can specify an 8-bit I/O port number, how many 8-bit I/O ports can the microprocessor support? How many 16-bit I/O ports can the microprocessor support? Are the values in d and e the same?
- Consider a Computer which has a memory which is capable of storing 4096 K words and each word in memory can be of size 32 bits. The computer supports a total of 6 addressingmodes, and it has 60 computer registers. The computer supports instructions, where each instruction consists of following fields: Mode Operation code Register Register Memory AddressGiven that each instruction will be stored in one memory word, discuss with a suitable diagram the format of instruction by specifying number of bits for each field of instruction. Discuss each field of instruction.consider a processor using 32-bit memory addresses, also a 4 KiB (of actual data) direct-mapped cache memory that stores 32 bits of data for each address. The number of index bits is?Suppose a computer using fully associative cache has 224 bytes of byte-addressable main memory and a cache of 128 blocks, where each block contains 64 bytes.Q.) What is the format of a memory address as seen by cache; that is, what are the sizes of the tag and offset fields?
- Suppose a computer using fully associative cache has 224 bytes of byte-addressable main memory and a cache of 128 blocks, where each cache block contains 64 bytes.Q.) What is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache; that is, what are the sizes of the tag and offset fields?Can a specific physical address have more than two logical addresses? Give your opinion with examples. Suppose you have a microprocessor which has 16MB of total physical memory. In this case what would be the size of the address bus?Consider a 32 – bit microprocessor, with a 16 – bit external data bus, driven by an 8 MHz input clock. Assume that this microprocessor has a bus cycle whose minimum duration equals four input clock cycles. What is the maximum data transfer rate for this microprocessor?