Consider the following simple model of the Mile End Park Beautification Initiative (from the lectures). There are two students, each of whom can choose to plant flowers (F) or not to plant flowers (N). If both students plant flowers, then the appreciation) benefit is 95 to each player. If exactly one student plants flowers, then the benefit is 50 to each player. The cost to either pla planting flowers is c > 0, regardless of the other player's choice. Each student starts (before any costs or benefits) with a payoff of zero. The above assumptions lead to the following game in strategic form. F 95 — с, 95 — с 50 - с, 50 N 50, 50 - с 0,0 Suppose thatc< 95.
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- Two parties, Juan and Ben, have been negotiating the purchase by Ben of Juan's car. Juan receives a new and higher bid for his car from Adriana. How might Adriana's bid change Juan and Ben's threat values? The threat values are unchanged. Juan now values the car at the price of Adriana's bid, her bid is his opportunity cost of selling the car to Ben, and that opportunity cost is Juan's new threat value. Juan's new threat value is the product of the difference between Ben and Adriana's offers and the probability the car will be sold to Adriana. Juan's threat value is unchanged, but Ben has to consider his new opportunity costTwo street racers are playing a simultaneous game of chicken. They have to race towards each other and whoever swerves first is chicken and faces shame, a loss of 8. while the winner enjoys a gain of 3. If neither stop, they would crash into each other, a loss of 10. If both of them swerve at the same time, they are both chicken and face a loss of 5 each If player B destroys his own brakes before the race, and player A sees that, what would the new Nash equilibrium be in this case? a. Player A stops, Player B does not b. Player B stops, Player A does not c. Both players stop d. Neither players stopConsider the following game played by four individuals, players 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each individual has $10,000. Each player can donate between $0 and $10,000 to build a public park that costs $20,000. If they collect enough money, they construct the park, which is worth $9,000 to each of them. However, if they collect less than $20,000, they cannot build a park. Furthermore, regardless of whether the park is built or not, individuals lose any donations that they make. a) Describe the Nash equilibria for a simultaneous game. What makes them equilibria? Hint: There are many equilibria, so you may want to use a mathematical expression! b) Suppose that players 1, 2, and 3, each donate $4,000 for the park. How much will player 4 donate and why. What are the resulting payoffs for the players? c) Suppose instead that player 1 donated first, player 2 second, player 3 third, and player 4 last. Furthermore, players could only donate in intervals of 1,000 (0, $1,000, $2,000, etc.). How much will…
- This activity has 4 theorical and practical exercises for which you will have to describe the representation of each proposed game and its solutions.1. Consider the following game in strategic or normal form.A2 B2 C2A1 1,0 1,2 -2,1B1 6,2 0,3 2,3C1 2,2 -2,1 2,3▸ Use the iterative elimination of strictly dominated strategies to reduce the game as much as possible.▸ What is the set of rationalizable strategies for each player? Microeconomics (code ECO2023)Actividades 2© MIU City University Miami ▸ What is/are Nash equilibrium(s) in this game?▸ Explain the differences between cooperative and non- cooperative games. What are the fundamental hypotheses about the behavior of the persons in Game theory?2. Two hunters may choose, individually and simultaneously, to go deer hunting, as the deer can provide abundant and appetizing food, or to go hare hunting, also appetizing, but scarce. Deer hunting represents a challenge and requires mutual coordination. Hunting a…You and your partner are choosing how much effort to put towards a group project for a course . You both care about the quality of the project , which increases in both of your effort choices . But you both also pay a cost of effort . You are enjoying the course much more than your partner , so your cost of effort is lower . Where y and p denote the amount of effort put by you and your partner , respectively , • Your payoff is 60yp - y³ . • Your partner's payoff is 60yp - 8p³ . Decisions about effort provision are made simultaneously . Answer the following questions about the set of pure strategy Nash equilibria of this game . Please round to 3 decimal places where rounding is needed . a ) In one pure strategy Nash equilibrium , you put more effort towards the project than your partner . In this Nash equilibrium , what is your effort level ? b ) In one pure strategy Nash equilibrium , you put the same level of effort towards the project as your partner . In this Nash equilibrium ,…Demonstrate the concept of coordination failure by using the payoff matrix and prove that, Coordination failure among economic agents can lead to an inefficient outcome while the opposite can guide to an efficient outcome. Use any hypothetical scenario to justify your analysis.
- Two athletes of equal ability are competing for a prize of $12,000. Each is deciding whether to take a dangerous performance-enhancing drug. If one athlete takes the drug and the other does not, the one who takes the drug wins the prize. If both or neither take the drug, they tie and split the prize. Taking the drug imposes health risks that are equivalent to a loss of XX dollars. Complete the following payoff matrix describing the decisions the athletes face. Enter Player One's payoff on the left in each situation, Player Two's on the right. Player Two's Decision Take Drug Don't Take Drug Player One's Decision Take Drug , , Don't Take Drug , , True or False: The Nash equilibrium is taking the drug if X is greater than $6,000. True False Suppose there was a way to make the drug safer (that is, have lower XX). Which of the following statements are true about the effects of making the drug safer? Check all that…You and a classmate are assigned a project on which you will receive one combined grade. You each want to receive a good grade, but you also want to avoid hard work. In particular, here is the situation: • If both of you work hard, you both get an A, which gives each of you 40 units of happiness. • If only one of you works hard, you both get a B, which gives each of you 30 units of happiness. • If neither of you works hard, you both get a D, which gives each of you 10 units of happiness. • Working hard costs 25 units of happiness. Complete the following payoff matrix given the previous information. In each cell, your classmate's payoff is on the left and yours is on the right. Your Decision Work Shirk Classmate's Decision Work , , Shirk , , The likely outcome is that your classmate and you . If you get this classmate as your partner on a series of projects throughout the year, rather than only once, you are…You and a classmate are assigned a project on which you will receive one combined grade. (You each want to receive a good grade, but you also want to avoid hard work. In particular, here is the situation:• If both of you work hard, you both get an A, which gives each of you 40 units of happiness.• If only one of you works hard, you both get a B, which gives each of you 30 units of happiness.• If neither of you works hard, you both get a D, which gives each of you 10 units of happiness.• Working hard costs 25 units of happiness. a. Fill in the payoffs in the following decision box: REFER IMAGE b. What is the likely outcome? Explain your answer.c. If you get this classmate as your partner on a series of projects throughout the year, rather than only once, how might that change the outcome you predicted in part (b)?d. Another classmate cares more about good grades: She gets 50 units of happiness for a B and 80 units of happiness for an A. If this classmate were your partner (but your…
- You and a classmate are assigned a project on which you will receive one combined grade. (You each want to receive a good grade, but you also want to avoid hard work. In particular, here is the situation:• If both of you work hard, you both get an A, which gives each of you 40 units of happiness.• If only one of you works hard, you both get a B, which gives each of you 30 units of happiness.• If neither of you works hard, you both get a D, which gives each of you 10 units of happiness.• Working hard costs 25 units of happiness.a. Fill in the payoffs in the following decision box: b. What is the likely outcome? Explain your answer.c. If you get this classmate as your partner on a series of projects throughout the year, rather than only once, how might that change the outcome you predicted in part (b)?d. Another classmate cares more about good grades: She gets 50 units of happiness for a B and 80 units of happiness for an A. If this classmate were your partner (but your preferences…Which of the following are examples of common behavioral errors in decision making (multiple correct answers; check all that apply). A. Always paying more than true willingness to pay. B. Letting unrecoverable sunk costs influence ongoing decisions for when such costs have no bearing on benefits and costs going forward. C. Making different decisions when an identical problem is framed in two different ways, especially when one is framed in terms of gains and the other in terms of losses. D. Always saving too little. E. Generally spending too little on high-quality, high-priced items. F. Settling on a default alternative in the face of a difficult or complex decision G. Considering the average cost and average benefit, instead of the marginal cost and marginal benefit, When choosing whether a little more or less should be bought or produced.(This is an intermediate mircoeconomics question) Arif and Aisha agree to meet for a date at a local dance club next week. In their enthusiasm, they forget to agree which venue will be the site of their meeting. Luckily the town has only two dancing venues, Palms and Oasis. Having discussed their tastes in dancing venues last week, both know that Arif prefers Palms to the Oasis and Aisha prefers the Oasis to Palms. In fact, their payoffs reflect that if both go to Oasis, Aisha’s utility is 3 and Arif’s 2, while if both go to Palms Arif’s utility is 3 and Aisha’s is 2. If they do not go to the same venue, then they both have a utility of 0. (a) Write the payoff matrix and explain whether there are any pure Nash equilibria. Carefully explain what these are and why. Comment on the existence of any dominant strategy equilibria. (b) Please calculate mixed strategy equilibria, if any, and then derive the probability that Arif and Aisha will find themselves at the same venue. (Carefully…