Consider the LFSR represented by the polynomial x* + x* + x² + x + 1. What are the tap bits of the LFSR? Please enter your answer as unspaced binary digits (e.g. 010101 to represent P5 = 0, P4 = 1, p3 = 0, p2 = 1, p1 = 0, po = 1).
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- Msg3. B→A : B, N1, Ks, Message2, h(B, N1, Message2) Whereas: h(m) represents the digest of the message (m). {m}{K} represents the encryption of message (m) using the key (K) PK is public key N1 is a random number. 1. What are the main problems in Msg3?Suppose N people want to communicate with each of N – 1 other people using symmetric key encryption. All communication between any two people, i and j, is visible to all other people in this group of N, and no other person in this group should be able to decode their communication. How many keys are required in the system as a whole? Now suppose that public key encryption is used. How many keys are required in this case?Assume you are using any correct plaintext padding method, such as those described in lecture, with a 128-bit (16-byte) block cipher. If you are sending a message that is 184 bytes long, how many padding bytes would you need to add? Justify your answer. For the remaining questions, consider a 4-bit block cipher, described in hexadecimal by the following table: Plaintext Ciphertext Plaintext Ciphertext 0 a 8 e 1 c 9 d 2 f a 0 3 6 b 7 4 3 c 5 5 8 d b 6 4 e 9 7 2 f 1 You can think of this as a simple substitution cipher for hexadecimal digits. There is no “key” other than the table itself.
- a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the Secret prefix MAC…Assume we have a code composed of 5 ternary codewords of varying lengths (1, 1, 2, 2, 3). How many unique messages comprised of two message symbols result in a series of four code symbols after encoding?Give encryption or decryption of these hexadecimal messages using the one-time pad algorithm, giving the result in hexadecimal also. You may wish to convert to binary first. a. m = 0xdeadbeef, K = 0x4ea04002, c = ? b. c = 0x84848484, K = 0xffffffff, m = ? c. c = 0x104557ce, K = 0xdabbad00, m = ?
- Suppose we will use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt a block of plaintext and the known round key for round 7 is: B5 8D BA D2 31 2B F5 60 7F 8D 29 2F EA D2 73 21 What is the third word (i.e. the third 4 bytes) of the round key for round 8?Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “ABCD” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=C9 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be D8 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV.Let's start by defining an Internet Protocol (IP) address. What use do mnemonic addresses serve? Is the number of domains that a 32-bit representation can store finite? Is there a limit to how many machines a domain may hold?
- Computer Science Can you tell whether the datagram is carrying UDP, TCP, or ICMP data? How? What is the SPI for this SA from your Ubuntu to DVWA-Ubuntu? What is the SPI for this SA from DVWA-Ubuntu to Ubuntu? How are the sequence numbers changing in each of the SAs? In your own words, describe in what cases is manual keying feasible and in what cases it is not.What does it signify when a computer has an IP address? What is the function of mnemonic addresses? How many domains can a 32-bit representation carry, if any? In that case, what's the maximum number of machines that may be part of a single domain?The following message arrived protected by the following CRC polynomial. Does the message have an error or not? Why? In the below table, show your work that allowed you to make the determination of whether an error exists in the message or not. Add rows and columns to the below table as necessary. M(x): 11010011100011 CRC-3-GSM: x3 + x + 1 CRC that was in the message: 011 X0 T(x) C(x) Remainder