Consumption is O positively related to household income and wealth and households' expectations about the future, but negatively related to interest rates. determined only by income. positively related to household income and wealth, interest rates, and households' expectations about the future. negatively related to household income and wealth, interest rates, and households' expectations about the future.
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- Explain why changes in consumption are unpredictable if consumers obey the permanent-income hypotheses and have rational expectations.According to the basic discounting principle, individuals value current consumption (i.e. consumption now) more than future consumption (i.e. consumption tomorrow). A) True B) FalseECON 2: Principles of Macroeconomic Quantitative Reasoning Assignment: Consumer Spending 2 Instructions: Your responses should include detailed flow charts (explanations) and graphical illustrations Graphically illustrate and explain what happens to consumer spending when consumers become more optimistic about the future and their expectations rise. Graphically illustrate and explain what happens to consumer spending in response to an increase in the interest rate. Graphically illustrate what happens to consumer spending in response to an increase in consumer income.
- Given the income level, saving is directly (positively) related to Group of answer choices interest rates and wealth, and inversely (negatively) related to households’ expectations about the future. wealth, and inversely (negatively) related to interest rates and households’ expectations about the future. interest rates, and inversely (negatively) related to wealth and households’ expectations about the future. households’ expectations about the future, and inversely (negatively) related to interest rates and wealth.Let the equilibrium condition for national income be ?(?) + ?(?) = ?(?) + ? (? ′ , ? ′ ,? ′ > 0; ? ′ + ? ′ > ? ′ ) Where S, Y, T, I and G stand for saving, national income, taxes, investment and government expenditure respectively. All derivatives are continuous a. Interpret the economic meaning of the derivatives ? ′ , ? ′&? ′ b. Check whether the conditions for the implicit function theorem are satisfied. If so, write the equilibrium identity c. Find ??̅ ?? and discuss its economic implicationsKevin's reference dependent utility over money is y and effort is E, refer to the: instantaneous utility function: rt: reference point for wealth, which demonstrated his recent wealth Kevin does not have from money but from gains and losses of money instead. There is no discounting, and assume that Kevin's current wealth from his job is 0. Kevin is thinking about a new role at work which allows him to increase his income by $1000 per period for two periods, counting from the current period, which is t = 0. He must undergo a training which require an effort of EO = 3500 at that value of alpha, how much ultility would Kevin lose relative to his non-projection-biased preferences if she took the position 1000 250 500 750
- Consumer has utility function ln(c1)+beta*ln(c2), where beta=1. Interest rate i=0%. (NOTE!) Income y1=10 and y2=50. Gov't gives consumer a free stimulus check of $20 in the first period. Assume consumers are sophisticated (have rational expectation), then in the first period the consumer will consume c1=______.If firms are less optimistic that future profits will rise and remain strong for the next few years, then: Select one: a. investment spending will fall. b. investment spending will rise. c. investment spending will remain unaffected. d. investment spending will rise at first, then fall.The level of a country’s private investment tends to be very volatile because… Select one: a. Interest rate changes have a large effect on demand for new housing b. All of the answers are correct c. It is difficult for companies to accurately forecast demand in the future d. Business and household confidence is fickle
- Other things the same, when the price level rises more than expected, some firms will have a. higher than desired prices, which increases their sales. b. higher than desired prices, which depresses their sales. c. lower than desired prices, which increases their sales. d. lower than desired prices, which depresses their sales.Consumption and the real interest rate: According to the life-cycle / permanent-income hypothesis, consumption depends on the present discounted value of income. An increase in the real interest rate will make future income worth less, thereby reducing the present discounted value and reducing consumption. To incorporate this channel into the model, suppose the consumption equation is given by Assume the remainder of the model is unchanged from the original setup, as in Table 11.1. (a) Derive the IS curve for this new specification. (b) How and why does it differ from the original IS curve?There are some simplifying assumptions in order to generate simple expressions. One of these assumptions is that r (interest rate) = ρ (rate at which household discounts future). Suppose we relaxed this assumption (i.e. allowed r to differ from ρ). Two results of the model are: i) The household keeps the expected value of consumption constant over time. ii) The household responds differently to permanent versus temporary income changes. Discuss the implications of allowing r to differ from ρ on each of these results