Data is sent over a network from a source to a destination. The data cannot be sent until it has been encapsulated, that is, packaged up into a suitable form to be transmitted over the network.’ Based on the quotes above, explain the steps must be performed in order to encapsulate the data to segment, packet/datagram, frame and bits

Q: We said that a network layer's service model "defines the characteristics of end-to-end transport of…

A: Answer to the above question is in step2.

Q: The term synchronization has many meanings in Computer Science. Within the networking field, the…

A: Synchronization  Synchronization is defined as the devices and events are coming all together and…

Q: In following Figure, assume that the communication is between a processes running at Computer A with…

A: Given:   In following Figure, assume that the communication is between a processes running at…

Q: Assume a small communication network, consisting of two user stations and a base station (BS). The…

A:

Q: . On an Ethernet network, this is the unit of data that is transmitted between network points. It…

A: About Ethernet : The ethernet is a network used for connecting two or more networks whose…

Q: to achieve the lowest latency a message is split into 24 packets. every packet has 15 bytes of…

A: Propagation Delay Component: L/R is an enabled process. This item is now the time it takes to…

Q: A network layer payload that is 60 bytes long is intended to be sent over a 10BaseT Ethernet be…

A: Solution:   Given data : Network layer payload is 60 bytes.

Q: What services does the network layer provide to the transport layer?

A: The network layer is concerned with moving packets as cheaply as possible from the source to the…

Q: Question: Need help with finishing Python script. Using the pypcapfile library (already available in…

A: to my knowledge, there are at least 2 packages that seems to work with Python 3: pure-pcapfile and…

Q: Suppose that A datagram of 3,500 bytes arrives at a router and must be forwarded to a link with an…

A: Fragmentation is done at the network layer , so that data link layer will only do the framing,…

Q: Explain in brief about where packet reassembly done?

A: For fragmented protocol data reassembly is done. The protocols which belong to lower level of…

Q: It is important to keep in mind how a sequence of packets are sent from one host to another along an…

A: Transmission, processing, and propagation delays all stay constant. This is due to the time required…

Q: From the application's point of view: - UDP provides unreliable transfer of groups of bytes…

A: difference between TCP and UDP:

Q: Find the Network address, subnet mask and broadcast address of the network in figure 1 and 2.…

A: Answer Figure 1:- ==> The given network address 10.0.0.0/8 ==> Start the assigning of network…

Q: Assume that the fixed path and attempt to send a packet to a host from a source to a destination.…

A: During transferring data from source to target using fixed path, below mentioned delays can occur

Q: Describe the problem that APR helps to solve Why is the query message typically sent to the…

A: The question given is miss spell with APR which actually is ARP. Corrected this question. Answering…

Q: What is the maximum transfer unit MTU? Which field is it related to in the header of the IP…

A: In a computer network, the maximum transfer unit (MTU) is the size of the largest protocol data unit…

Q: Data is broken into _____ to be transmitted over the Internet Select one: a. circuits b. packets c.…

A: Over the internet either it is a wired connection or a wireless connection.  The data is divided…

Q: (a)  What different switching mechanisms exist to forward datagrams from an input port to an output…

A: a) There are 3 switching mechanisms that exist Circuit switching - creates a virtual network Packet…

Q: Consider the case of a packet being sent from one end system to the other. Each of the four types of…

A: When data is transported through a network from one end system to another, it is fragmented into…

Q: Suppose, through the Data link layer a message is passing from Sender to Receiver. That message…

A: What is DLL(Data Link Layer) The Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI model, above the…

Q: We said that a network layer's service model "defines the characteristics of end-to-end transport of…

A: According to the information given:- We have to define the  the characteristics of end-to-end…

Q: 5)Consider a reliable data transfer protocol that uses only negative acknowledgments. Suppose the…

A: GIVEN:

Q: In the Internet, the datagrams transmitted by IP datagrams are assembled at the final destination…

A: Advantages of Reassembly of IP datagrams at final destination host: Assembling IP datagrams at…

Q: An application message is segmented into 10 packets, each of which is 1500-byte in size. Caculate…

A: Number of packets=10 Length of the packet size= 1500 bytes Band width= 1.5 Mbps Total distance= 200…

Q: When we talk about the broadcast address in a link, do we mean sending a message to all hosts and…

A: IP address:   The IP address is the unique address of the particular machine. This address is used…

Q: (a) What services does the network layer provide to the transport layer? (b) Are data packets…

A: a) Network layer provides various services It is responsible for logical addressing of the packets…

Q: decimal, and the last 7 digits of your student ID are repeated to form the words of data to be sent…

A: Answer is in given below:-

Q: Question 3 Assume two end-hosts communicate using the sliding window protocol. Assume the receiver…

A: Given that ,  Two end hosts are communicating , uses sliding window protocol further information is…

Q: Design a statistical multiplexer. Traffic parameters: arrival rate = 1,000 packets/sec & average…

A: Solution:   Given,

Q: IP is an unreliable and connectionless protocol-a best-effort delivery service on the other hand, IP…

A: Ans:-  IP is a unreliable protocol because it does not guarantee the delivery of a datagram to its…

Q: In NAT, users in the same local network have internally the same IP addresses and they are…

A: Network address transalation  basically searches the translation table based on the destination port…

Q: Take into consideration the process of transferring a series of packets from a sending host to a…

A: The processing, transmission, and propagation delays are held to the same standard.This is because…

Q: In NAT, users in the same local network have internally the same IP addresses and they are…

A: Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method of representing an entire group of computers with a…

Q: The agreement between the communicating devices are called a. Data b. Message c. Protocol d.…

A: Data: It is the units of information. Message: It is the piece of information and is the main…

Q: Assume two end-hosts communicate using the sliding window protocol. Assume the receiver window is…

A: The following figure shows two cases (see below).

Q: The protocol data unit (PDU) for the physical layer in the Internet stack is called ___________.…

A: SOLUTION: The protocol data unit (PDU) for the physical layer in the Internet stack is called…

Q: a) For the given network diagram, suppose an application running on Host 1 transmits a packet…

A: a) Process of packet encapsulation and de-capsulation along the path from Host 1 to Host 2.   host 1…

Q: Given the binar representations of an IP address and the subnet mask, what is the host address, as a…

A: Host Address will be: 11001000 00001011 00000011 00000001   When we perform AND operation between IP…

Q: network layer protocol need to provide packetizing services to the transport layer? Why can't the…

A: Given   Why does the network layer protocol need to provide packetizing services to the transport…

Q: Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model: Retransmission of lost packets Choose.…

A: Retransmission of lost packet, lost acknowledgement related to transport layer... Format and code…

Q: QUESTION 6 The encapsulated data at transport layer is called O a. Frame, Segment while it is called…

A: The data stream from the upper layers is divided into several parts by the Transport layer (in the…

Q: A/40 Sender D/80 C82 LAN I LAN 2 Sender In Figure, assume that the communication is between a…

A:

Q: Suppose that datagrams between source Host A and destination Host B are restricted to 1,500 bytes…

A: Take into account the information belowThe datagrams from source A to destination B can only be 1500…

Q: Question 2 Routing refers to determining the route taken by packets from source to destination, and…

A: Given that true/ false question so we provide both true and false explanation.

Q: Where is packet reassembly done?

A: Packet reassembly:   When a datagram is too large than the maximum packet size, to be transmitted,…