Demarion Santana is interested in studying the growth rates of capsicum annuum (pepper) plants under bridges in California.  He randomly selects 50 bridges in California and records the frequency, height, and number of peppers on any plants growing under these bridges.  His results were published in the Almanac of Questionable Statistics, Vol 1 (2016).  What is the population in this study? 1. Readers of the Almanac of Questionable Statistics 2. Capsicum annuum plants growing under the 50 bridges randomly selected to be included in the study 3. All capsicum annuum plants growing anywhere in California 4. All capsicum annuum plants growing under bridges in California

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.