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Describe the effect of an increased calcium ion (Ca++) concentration on the frog’s heart rate.
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- Describe the effect of an increased potassium ion (K+) concentration on the frog’s heart rate.Describe two mechanisms by which the cardiac output of an animal’s heart can be adjusted and indicate which is more important for increasing cardiac output in mammals and which is more important in fish.Why does heart rate and contraction force change relative to resting values when the frog's heart was cooled?
- Explain the origin and conduction of the excitation that leads to a heart contraction. Why is the vertebrate heart said to be myogenic? If the heart is myogenic, how do you account for alterations in rate of the heartbeat?The mammalian heart can beat without input from the brain. True Or false?Describe the path of blood flow in an amphibian.
- Trace the flow of blood through a mammalian heart, naming the four chambers and their valves, and explaining where the blood entering each atrium comes from and where blood leaving each ventricle goes. When the ventricles contract, what prevents blood from reen-tering the atria? What factors cause blood to move forward at high pressure in the aorta?Describe the similarities and differences in the structure of the hearts of teleosrt fish, frogs, birds and rats.Construct a model for the relationship between the heart rate of mammals and theirweight. Also give all assumptions you make.You may assume the following: