Describe the signal transduction pathway that lipid-soluble messengers use.

Q: How do Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-solubleand water-soluble messengers?

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: Explain the Crosstalk between 2nd messenger systems and the purpose of each step of the pathway.

A: There is crosstalk between different second messenger systems in the cell. This crosstalk allows for…

Q: List the general categories of intercellular messengers and brieflydescribe how they differ?

A: Chemical messengers are the substances that deliver the signals.

Q: Discuss Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: Select one second messenger and explain its structure and function

A: The cellular structures which recognise and bind to hormones are called receptors. receptors are…

Q: What are Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction  Signals can be classified into two based on their chemical properties: Hydrophobic…

Q: Classify plasma membrane receptors according to the signal transduction pathways they initiate.

A: Plasma membrane receptors are proteins/receptors that span the membrane. They are transmembrane…

Q: What are the characteristics of receptors binding to messengers?

A: The plasma membrane contains several transmembrane proteins embedded in them. These proteins are…

Q: Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical…

A: Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic…

Q: Explain how G Protein Coupled receptors activate G proteins and how RGS (Regulator of G Protein…

A: The explanation for the above question is given below.

Q: What is the nature of the receptors that bind intercellular chemical messengers?

A: Chemical messenger can be defined as any compound that serves to transmit the message and may refer…

Q: Please Name and explain the four classes of chemical messengers.

A: Any substance that transmits a message in our body is referred to as a chemical messenger.

Q: explain why some cells respond to chemical messengers and others do not?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  HORMONES  They are considered as the chemical messenger of our body. The glands…

Q: Consider this pathway: epinephrine S G protein-coupledreceptor S G protein S adenylyl cyclase S…

A: CATECHOLAMINESNorepinephrine, epinephrine, and small amounts of dopamine are synthesized by the…

Q: Give examples of chemokines.

A: Chemokines are a family of chemoattractant cytokines (small proteins secreted by cells that…

Q: Defines the strength of receptor binding to a messenger

A: A target cell is a cell that normally has receptors upon which a particular agent or signaling…

Q: Define intracellular signaling.

A: Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. An organism is termed as…

Q: List the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: In a biological system, receptors are the protein structures that help in the transmission of…

Q: Describe some of the protein domains that are commonly found within signaling proteins.

A: A protein domain is a region of the proteins polypeptide chains that is self stabilizing and that…

Q: Arrange signalling cascade events in chronological order.…

A: Signaling pathways helps to respond the cells according to the external stimuli. The external…

Q: What are G-protein-coupled receptors? Explain their function in regard to how particular…

A: Cell surface receptors are the proteins embedded in the membrane. These are integral membrane…

Q: If DAG and IP3 are second messengers, what function does Ca2+ serve? Would Ca2+ also be called a…

A: Minerals although are found only in small quantities, are absolutely essential for the proper…

Q: How Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Some plasma membrane receptors have an intrinsic enzyme activity. Most of these receptors are…

Q: Why the number of receptors occupied by messenger molecules increases?

A: A receptor includes proteins, peptides, or any other molecule that binds to the specific signals…

Q: Explain Receptor proteins.

A: Receptor proteins

Q: Briefly describe the series of events that takesplace when cAMP acts as a second messenger.

A: The cAMP signalling pathway also known as adenylyl cyclase pathway is a G-protein coupled receptor…

Q: List the various Pathways Initiated by different Messengers?

A: Second messengers are defined as molecules that send down signals at receptors on surface of the…

Q: What is the first step in the action of a messenger on a cell?

A: An intercellular messenger is a chemical released by the cell that has the ability to influence…

Q: Pathways involving G proteins provide an opportunityfor an increase in signal strength in the course…

A: G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is a seven trans-membrane receptor. The protein is located…

Q: Defines the situation when all receptor binding sites are occupied by a messenger

A: Saturation  define the situation when all the receptor binding sites are occupied by a messenger.

Q: Describe how tyrosine is degraded.

A: Introduction: Tyrosine is one of the 20 essential amino acids that cells use to make proteins. It's…

Q: Explain Ca21 as a Second Messenger?

A: Introduction  Calcium is a very important ion present intracellularly. It controls various processes…

Q: Up-regulation of the reception in the cell signaling means:

A: Receptors are usually proteins , which are present on the cell membrane, which binds to the ligand…

Q: Which is example of extracellular messenger involved in signal transduction

A: It is the transmission of molecular signals from a cells exterior to the interior .

Q: Under what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?

A: Signaling molecules bind to the receptors present in their target cells.

Q: Explain , What role does phosphorylation of tyrosine residues play in the action of receptor…

A: the phosphorylation of thyrosine residues play an important role in the action of receptor proteins…

Q: Define what is meant by a second messenger.

A: To answer this question we should have knowledge of Biochemistry.

Q: what is the difference between electrical messenger and chemical messenger?

A: Numerous life processes occur in living organisms. These processes are carried out by specific organ…

Q: How does the chemical nature of lipid-soluble messengers relate to the general principle of…

A: A hormone is a chemical messenger which is secreted and which enables communication throughout the…

Q: Trace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers:…

A: Introduction  Calcium is a very important ion present intracellularly. It controls various processes…

Q: Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same chemical messenger.

A: Any compound that transmits a message is referred to as a chemical messenger. Hormone is a chemical…

Q: Choose the signaling or type of receptor for each

A: Dear student. Answer:- 1)This is an inhibitory type of receptor mainly found in CNS.GABA(gamma…

Q: Discuss the Signaling by Receptors that function as Enzymes?

A: Enzymes are a class of proteins except for ribozymes (class of RNA) that increase the pace of the…

Q: Which are the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: Receptors and ligands come in a variety of forms and sizes, but they always have one thing in…

Q: . AMPK and MTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)  is a kinase encoded by MTOR gene in humans. AMPK (5' AMP…

Q: AMPK and mTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: A cell responds to its environment by action of enzyme cascades. This signaling is an ability of…

Q: Describe the common architecture of G protein-coupled receptors. Illustrate your answer with…

A: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), also known as a seven-transmembrane receptor or heptahelical…

Q: Explain Extracellular signals can be delivered by diffusion or by cell-to-cell contact.

A: Cell signaling can be defined as the fundamental process by which the specific information is…

Q: All of these are considered as a second messengers except: O a. Cyclic AMP. O b. Diacylglycerol. O…

A: In any signaling pathway, the molecules that act as hormones (Environmental factors) are called…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.