Explain Extracellular signals can be delivered by diffusion or by cell-to-cell contact.

Q: Explain G coupled protein receptors and protein kinase associated receptors.

A: Receptors are chemically protein or glycoprotein molecules which binds to the signal( ligand).The…

Q: List the general categories of intercellular messengers and brieflydescribe how they differ?

A: Chemical messengers are the substances that deliver the signals.

Q: Describe how a signal cascade may be terminated and explain why it is important to terminate…

A: The process through which cells interact with the outside world, evaluate stimuli, and respond to…

Q: Describe Cessation of Activity in Signal Transduction Pathways Once initiated?

A: Cell signalling refers to the transmission of molecular signals from a ell's exterior to its…

Q: Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential

A: Neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of nervous system.The nervous system functions…

Q: Name the three types of cell communication.

A: The cell is the smallest structural and functional entity of a living organism. In a multicellular…

Q: List the four categories of chemical messengers of intercellular communication?

A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Classify plasma membrane receptors according to the signal transduction pathways they initiate.

A: Plasma membrane receptors are proteins/receptors that span the membrane. They are transmembrane…

Q: explain why some cells respond to chemical messengers and others do not?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  HORMONES  They are considered as the chemical messenger of our body. The glands…

Q: List and describe the 4 major categories of membrane receptors.

A: Receptors are glycoproteins that receive stimuli or signals from molecules, such as drugs, hormones,…

Q: Explain how the interactions trigger intracellular signals that leadto the cell’s response?

A: The signals can be defined as the coded message sent from which is sent from one organism to…

Q: Describe surface membrane barriers and their protective functions.

A: Immunity is described as an organism's ability to resist the attack of invading infections. It is a…

Q: dEfine the term Axonal transport?

A: Axonal transport occurs through the cytoplasm of axon called axoplasm.

Q: Defines the strength of receptor binding to a messenger

A: A target cell is a cell that normally has receptors upon which a particular agent or signaling…

Q: Write the summary of Mechanisms by Which Receptor Activation Influences Ion Channels?

A: Ion Channels are the protein channel in the membranes which allows the charged ions (sodium,…

Q: List the ions that contribute to electrical signaling in neurons and what side of the neuron their…

A: Nerve cells also called neuron communicate by generating electric signal ans also through the…

Q: Describe Regulation of Diffusion Through Ion Channels?

A: The spontaneous movement of molecules from the area of its high concentration to the area of its low…

Q: Why the number of receptors occupied by messenger molecules increases?

A: A receptor includes proteins, peptides, or any other molecule that binds to the specific signals…

Q: Briefly describe the significance of permeability and ionic concentrations in the process of…

A: Cell membrane: The cell membrane is the outer layer of animal cells, that acts as a barrier between…

Q: Discuss about cell locomotion machinery.

A: Cell locomotion is the movement of a cell from one place to another. There are various mechanisms or…

Q: Describe the structure of Intracellular Receptors?

A: Receptors are specific protein molecule that can binds with a specific ligand molecule and after…

Q: name the three ways in which an ion channel can be gated.

A: Introduction:Protein-based structures make up the channels in a cell membrane, which open and close…

Q: (a) Describe the composition and function of the cell body. (b) How are axons and dendrites alike?…

A: One of the fundamental units that make up the nervous system is the neurons. These are electrically…

Q: Define the term ligand-gated ion channels?

A: Ion channels are the specialized proteins in the plasma membrane. It help to provide a passageway…

Q: List the three steps involved in intercellular communication

A: All living things are composed of cells, the basic units of life. Cells must be able to communicate…

Q: Match the following description of a cell signal with signa A. signals across gap junctions 3.…

A: Match the following description of cell with signal type 1.  Signal across gap junctions: Direct…

Q: BRIEFLY DESCRIBE the difference between open channels and gatéś channels Ih the biological membranes…

A: Open channel and gate channels are types of transmembrane channel proteins that help to transport…

Q: Which is example of extracellular messenger involved in signal transduction

A: It is the transmission of molecular signals from a cells exterior to the interior .

Q: Define first messenger

A: Messengers are small molecules or ions which can be either intracellular or extracellular and are…

Q: Give an example of the Regulations of Receptors?

A: Regulation of receptors means an increase or decrease in the activity of the receptor in response to…

Q: Illustrate a major way that receptor activation ceases?

A: Receptors: The chemical messengers that bind to proteins are called receptors. Most of the chemical…

Q: Define membrane-bound receptor

A: Membrane receptors are protein molecules that are bound to or inserted into the cell membrane.…

Q: Describe the essential features of a signal-transduction circuit

A: Improved on portrayal of significant signal transduction pathways in warm blooded animals. Signal…

Q: Explain why G protein–mediated receptor systems depend onmembrane fluidity.

A: The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is made up of a double layer of phospholipids.…

Q: Define the term Neuronal Signaling?

A: The basic working unit of the brain is known as the neuron. It help to transport the information…

Q: What mechanisms in the cell terminate its response to a signaland maintain its ability to respond to…

A: Cell signaling is part of any communication process that conducts the basic activities of cells and…

Q: Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same chemical messenger.

A: Any compound that transmits a message is referred to as a chemical messenger. Hormone is a chemical…

Q: b) Complete the following flow chart| (a membrane phospholipid)_ Hydrolysed by phospholipase C, to…

A: Inositol Triphosphate is a second messenger in the IP3 - DAG pathway. This pathway regulates many…

Q: Predict the effects of interfering with the function ofcadherins and integrins.

A: A human body is made up of cells and numerous kinds of biomolecules. Each molecule has a different…

Q: Stimulating proteins and Inhibitory proteins are encoded by ? Examples include

A: Proteins are the ultimate products of the genes. DNA is transcribed into m RNA and this is…

Q: Identify and describe the basic role of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors.

A: There are some chemical substances that act as messengers as they carry specific signals from one…

Q: illustrate some of the major points concerning G proteins, plasma membrane effector proteins, second…

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: Living cells utilize a complex collection of interacting ....... to receive different signals from…

A: Cells are the basic unit of life. Different cells are combined together to form different structures…

Q: Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both axamples of?

A: Ion pumps are those that used to transfer of ions from one membrane to another using ATP energy.…

Q: types of membrane receptors and how they function

A: Membrane receptors are embedded in the outer surface of the cells particularly in the plasma…

Q: Describe the signal transduction pathway that lipid-soluble messengers use.

A: Membrane proteins are proteins that are present in the plasma membrane of the cell. These proteins…

Q: List several roles of membrane receptors and that of G protein–linked receptors.

A: Introduction: The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure, which mentions that all…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.