Distinguish between filtrate processing in the descending and ascending loop of Henle.

Q: Describe the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in terms of the permeabilities of the different…

A: The countercurrent multiplier system is the process in which water is reabsorbed from the fluid in…

Q: Identify the changes in the osmotic concentration of theglomerular filtrate as it passes through the…

A: As filtrate goes through the nephron, its osmolarity (ion concentration) changes as particles and…

Q: List the Pathways by which decreased plasma volume leads, via the renin-angiotensin system and…

A: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It maintains the ratio…

Q: What are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of glomerular filtrate? Explain…

A: Intrinsic control is the autoregulation of the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). Urine is formed at…

Q: Illustrate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the kidney

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. Based on the number of cells an organism may be unicellular…

Q: describe how the glomular capillary pressure affects the glomular filtration rate in the renal…

A: Kidneys are the organs belong to excretory system in our body and play a major role in several other…

Q: Describe the location(s) in the nephron where tubular secretion occurs?

A: Tubular secretion: - It is one of the most important  process of excretory system, in which removal…

Q: What effect would furosemide, an inhibitor of Na+ reabsorption by the thick ascending limb of Loop…

A: Furosemide also known as lasix

Q: List the three major processes in urine formation, andstate the location in the nephron where each…

A: Urine refers to the filtrate containing toxic substances present in blood. It is produced in the…

Q: Describe the effects of aldosterone on the renal nephrons and explain how aldosterone secretion is…

A: The endocrine system commands and coordinates the complex actions of the body by secreting chemical…

Q: Which of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid…

A: The kidney is an important organ of the excretory system and the nephron is the basic structural…

Q: explain how the collecting duct and antidiuretic hormoneregulate the volume and concentration of…

A: Kidneys are the pair of bean shaped red color organs that are the crucial part of the excretory…

Q: Trace the flow of blood through the kidney and describe the nerve supply to the kidneys.

A: Ans- Renal arteries started from aorta and supply blood to the kidneys. Though, it is variable from…

Q: Explain how epithelial cells of the proximal tubule areadapted for tubular reabsorption.

A: The excretory framework is a uninvolved natural framework that eliminates abundance, pointless…

Q: Explain why the total renal blood flow can be measured by the renal plasma clearance of PAH.

A: Total renal blood flow can be defined as the total amount of blood received by kidneys per unit of…

Q: Trace the course of blood flow through the kidney from the renal artery to the renal vein.

A: The flow diagram of blood flow through the kidney. Renal artery          ↓Segmental artery…

Q: Describe how tubular reabsorption processes nutrientand salt molecules.

A: The procedure of transportation of water and other substances from the tubules of the kidney to the…

Q: Explain how the renal tubule is adapted to secretehydrogen ions.

A: Renal tubule : A small tubule in the kidney that contain cells that filter and clean the blood .…

Q: Describe the mechanisms underlying water and solute reabsorption from the renal tubules into the…

A: Tubular reabsorption is the mechanism which involves the movement of water and solutes from the…

Q: Differentiate between excretion and egestion.

A: Every organisms needs food for their growth and energy. The left over material of the food or the…

Q: Describe the differences in nephron activity based on the structural differences within the tubule…

A: Nephrons are the basic functional unit of kidney which are involved in the process of waste removal…

Q: Describe the histological structure of the proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, and…

A: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney it consists of tubules and associated small blood…

Q: Elaborate the types of molecules and in which direction (from blood to tubules or tubules to blood)…

A: Nitrogenous wastes are formed inside all the body cells. These wastes are transported into the…

Q: Describe how specific segments of the renal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb water and solutes.

A: The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs found in the lower back region behind the intestines.…

Q: Describe the micturition reflex. How is voluntary control ofmicturition accomplished?

A: The physiological term for voiding or urination is micturition. It results from the interplay of…

Q: Identify the principal factors that influence filtrationand explain how they affect the rate of…

A: Filtration is a physical process of separating liquids from solids with the help of a porous medium…

Q: Describe the role of vasopressin in the generation of concentrated or dilute urine?

A: Vasopressin is also called Antidiuretic hormone, and hypothalamus part of the brain synthesises this…

Q: Describe the regulation of major ions by the kidney

A: Kidneys are two organs present in the excretory system of the human beings.  They acts as filters…

Q: Explain where in the nephron, and by what process, glucose is normally returned from the glomerular…

A: The kidney is a bean-shaped excretory organ that responsible for the excretion of nitrogenous waste…

Q: Describe the process by which protein is transported out of the filtrate and into the blood.

A: The kidney regulates water recovery and blood pressure by producing the enzyme renin. It is renin…

Q: describe how the renal tubules reabsorb useful solutesfrom the glomerular filtrate and return them…

A: The renal tubule is a small tube in the kidney and it consists of cells that clean and filter the…

Q: From where the urine produce in kidneys passes through?

A: Introduction  All animals excrete out urine or some waste material. However, the main excretion…

Q: From the previous question, In which section of the kidney tubules does this chloride movement…

A: Kidneys are the organ responsible for the formation of urine. The kidney's ability to perform many…

Q: Describe how symport works in the renal tubule.

A: In the renal system, these are small blood vessels that are supplied by the efferent arteriole.…

Q: From the previous question, In which section of the kidney tubules does this potassium movement…

A: The main function of the kidney involves the filtration of blood. It contains millions of nephrons…

Q: Explain the effect of renin on filtration.

A: The kidney is an important organ of the excretory system, and the nephron is the basic structural…

Q: Describe filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Where in the nephron, these events take place and…

A: Process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in nephron are described below:

Q: From the previous question, In which section of the kidney tubules does this phosphorus movement…

A: In the body phosphate is present in three ionic forms: H2PO4-, HPO42- and PO43-. Phosphate together…

Q: Name the structural and functional units of kidney.

A: The two bean-shaped organs present in the vertebrates are kidneys. These are present in the right…

Q: The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in A) urine production by signaling…

A: Tubuloglomerular feedback is related to the kidneys. Collectively it functions to regulate the…

Q: List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through…

A: Filtration is the process of movement of fluid from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.…

Q: Give the pathway of urine flow from the kidney to the outside of the body .

A: Urine is formed in kidneys through the filtration of blood.Upto 800-2,000 ml of urine are normally…

Q: Describe the functions of hornones – ADH and Aldostrone – in urinary system

A: Hormones are signaling molecules that are secreted by specialized cells that are present usually…

Q: Contrast the mechanism of reabsorption for glucose and urea. Which one shows a Tm, and why?

A: Renal filtration is a process in which water and solutes are removed from the blood plasma as it…

Q: describe the mechanisms underlying water and solute reabsorption from the renal tubules into the…

A: Peritubular capillaries: In the renal system, these are small blood vessels that are supplied by the…