$ 1,197,000 $ 1,827,000 Cost of goods sold (@ $41 per unit) 779,000 1,189,000 Gross margin 418,000 638,000 Selling and administrative expenses* 305,000 335,000 Net operating income $ 113,000 $ 303,000
Reporting Cash Flows
Reporting of cash flows means a statement of cash flow which is a financial statement. A cash flow statement is prepared by gathering all the data regarding inflows and outflows of a company. The cash flow statement includes cash inflows and outflows from various activities such as operating, financing, and investment. Reporting this statement is important because it is the main financial statement of the company.
Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is an integral part of the set of financial statements of an organization that reports the assets, liabilities, equity (shareholding) capital, other short and long-term debts, along with other related items. A balance sheet is one of the most critical measures of the financial performance and position of the company, and as the name suggests, the statement must balance the assets against the liabilities and equity. The assets are what the company owns, and the liabilities represent what the company owes. Equity represents the amount invested in the business, either by the promoters of the company or by external shareholders. The total assets must match total liabilities plus equity.
Financial Statements
Financial statements are written records of an organization which provide a true and real picture of business activities. It shows the financial position and the operating performance of the company. It is prepared at the end of every financial cycle. It includes three main components that are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement.
Owner's Capital
Before we begin to understand what Owner’s capital is and what Equity financing is to an organization, it is important to understand some basic accounting terminologies. A double-entry bookkeeping system Normal account balances are those which are expected to have either a debit balance or a credit balance, depending on the nature of the account. An asset account will have a debit balance as normal balance because an asset is a debit account. Similarly, a liability account will have the normal balance as a credit balance because it is amount owed, representing a credit account. Equity is also said to have a credit balance as its normal balance. However, sometimes the normal balances may be reversed, often due to incorrect journal or posting entries or other accounting/ clerical errors.
During Heaton Company’s first two years of operations, it reported absorption costing net operating income as follows:
| Year 1 | Year 2 | ||||
| Sales (@ $63 per unit) | $ | 1,197,000 | $ | 1,827,000 | |
| Cost of goods sold (@ $41 per unit) | 779,000 | 1,189,000 | |||
| Gross margin | 418,000 | 638,000 | |||
| Selling and administrative expenses* | 305,000 | 335,000 | |||
| Net operating income | $ | 113,000 | $ | 303,000 | |
* $3 per unit variable; $248,000 fixed each year.
The company’s $41 unit product cost is computed as follows:
| Direct materials | $ | 7 |
| Direct labor | 13 | |
| Variable manufacturing |
2 | |
| Fixed manufacturing overhead ($456,000 ÷ 24,000 units) | 19 | |
| Absorption costing unit product cost | $ | 41 |
Production and cost data for the first two years of operations are:
| Year 1 | Year 2 | |
| Units produced | 24,000 | 24,000 |
| Units sold | 19,000 | 29,000 |
Required:
1. Using variable costing, what is the unit product cost for both years?
2. What is the variable costing net operating income in Year 1 and in Year 2?
3. Reconcile the absorption costing and the variable costing net operating income figures for each year.
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