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4.
(a) "Classful IP addressing was wasteful"- Justify the statement.
(b) Considering the case of resolving the name www.google.com, explain the flow of DNS packets as a client device makes a network connection to a specific address.
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- One, why do protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and POP3 use TCP instead than UDP? When comparing Routing and Forwarding, what are the key distinctions? Three, explain HOL blocking. Which ports, input or output, are affected?QUESTION 54 Network layer provides two basic functionalities (_______), and(_______) QUESTION 55 Network layer consists of two planes:(_________) , and(_______). QUESTION 56 What is AIMD in TCP stands for? What is the main purpose of it? QUESTION 57 Link layer uses IP for source and destination addresses True False QUESTION 58 SHA-1 is a Cryptographic hash function True False QUESTION 59 CRC is a cryptographic hash function True FalseDefend the TCP/IP architecture's value in carrying information.
- 1-In a network based on the bus topology, the bus is a non-shareable resource for which the machines must compete in order to transmit messages. How is deadlock controlled in this context? 2-Using 32-bit Internet addresses was originally thought to provide ample room for expansion, but that conjecture is not proving to be accurate. IPV6 uses 128-bit addressing. Will that prove to be adequate? Justify your answer’ (for example, you might compare the number of possible addresses to the population of the world).q no 5: In the above network diagram, IP and MAC addresses are given for network nodes. Suppose Host1 (Shahid) sends a datagram to Host2 (Khalid). What IP and MAC addresses (source and destination) will be written in IP and Data link layer headers respectively, for the following intermediate points from Host1 to Host2? Host1 to Router1 (R1) Router1 to Router2 (R2) Router2 to Host2Specifically, what distinguishes the OSI and TCP/IP models of protocols? What evidence do you have to support your assertions?
- Does the potential of two network interfaces sharing the same MAC address even exist? Is this action justified in some way? Is it feasible to simultaneously utilize two different network interfaces with the same IP address? Is this action justified in some way?Which two of the following are the most convincing arguments in favour of the use of layered protocols?Answer the given question with a proper explanation and step-by-step solution. Why is TCP/IP fragmentation important for internet communications? What would likely happen on the internet without that fragmentation? Why is TCP considered a "reliable" communication protocol but HTTP and Ethernet considered "not reliable"? Is there some "better way" to arrange internet communications?
- Discuss the various layers of the OSI model and provide examples of protocols that operate at each layer.State two advantages of dividing a communication system into layers such as e.g. is done in the TCP / IP stack with 5 layers from the application layer down to the physical layer. Also indicate if there is any possible disadvantage to stocking one communication system?1. If an ISP offers a /20 IPv4 address block for $3480 per month and a /21 address block for $2046 per month, which one has the cheaper cost per usable address? Show your work. 2. a. What is the MTU of a network? Explain why fragmentation is necessary to accommodate heterogeneous networks with different MTUs. If an IPv4 datagram with a payload of 2720 bytes must be sent over a network with an MTU of 700 bytes, how many fragments at minimum should be sent? Show your work.