elaborate tail of the peacock (Pavo cristatus) is approximately 120 cm to 150 cm long, while the tail of the peahen is quite short. The long tail reduces the male bird’s ability to maneuver and fly and makes him more conspicuous to
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The elaborate tail of the peacock (Pavo cristatus) is approximately 120 cm to 150 cm long, while the tail of
the peahen is quite short. The long tail reduces the male bird’s ability to maneuver and fly and makes him more
conspicuous to predators. Suggest at least one reason why this cumbersome structure has not been eliminated
by natural selection.
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- House sparrows (Maya) were introduced to North America in 1852. Since that time thesparrows have evolved different characteristics in different locations. Sparrow populations inthe north are larger-bodied than sparrow populations in the south. This divergence inpopulations is probably at least partly a result of natural selection: larger-bodied birds canoften survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather in the northmay select for larger-bodied birds. What type of evolution based on natural selectionaccounts for this observation? Explain your answer.Full or partial limblessness has evolved many times invertebrates (snakes, lizards, manatees, whales). Do youexpect the mutations that occurred in the evolution oflimblessness to be in the coding or noncoding sequencesof toolkit genes? Why?Microevolution is defined as a change inallele frequencies in a population over generations. Please explainwhat an allele is, in genetic terms. Name the three major factorsinvolved in allele frequency changes in populations. Describe, indetail, how natural selection works on individuals, while evolutionoccurs in populations. Include a real or hypothetical example ofthe process of natural selection in your answer other thaninsects and insecticide! Identify the specific natural selectionpressure and the specific trait being selected for in yourexample.
- . The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similarskeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones inwhales have very different shapes and proportions. However,genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms divergedfrom a common ancestor at about the same time. Which ofthe following is the most likely explanation for these data?(A) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, butnot in whales.(B) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted insignificant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.(C) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.(D) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.. Some scientists vigorously rejected Darwin’sideas when On the Origin of Species was published. Richard Owen (1860), perhaps the mostrespected biologist in England, wrote (amongmany other objections): “Are all the recognisedorganic forms of the present date, so differentiated, so complex, so superior to conceivableprimordial simplicity of form and structure,as to testify to the effects of Natural Selectioncontinuously operating through untold time?Unquestionably not. The most numerous livingbeings … are precisely those which offer suchsimplicity of form and structure, as best agrees…with that ideal prototype from which…vegetableand animal life might have diverged.” Howmight Darwin, or you, argue against Owen’slogic?How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptationssuch as camouflaging coat color in beach mice?
- When artificial selection is practiced over many generations, it iscommon for the trait to reach a plateau in which further selectionhas little effect on the outcome of the trait. This phenomenon isillustrated as shown. Explain why it occurs.Most new mutations are detrimental, yet rare beneficial mutations canbe adaptive. With regard to the fate of new mutations, discuss whetheryou think it is more important for natural selection to select againstdetrimental alleles or to select in favor of beneficial ones. Which doyou think is more significant in human populations?During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If the drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection? Explain your reasoning based on the postulates of the Darvin natural selection theory.
- How could you add the five steps of natural selection for a Bengal tiger? please relate this to adaptations and natural selectionWhy is the elimination of a fully recessive deleteriousallele by natural selection difficult in a large populationand less so in a small population?This spectacular animal is a Lesser Bird of Paradise, Paradisea minor, from the highlands of Papua New Guinea. In the context of various evolutionary phenomena, why do you suppose: (a) This bird is confined to New Guinea and two nearby islands? Why would you not expect to find it in the mountains of Borneo? Explain in detail. (b) This spectacular tail presumably attracts predators; why hasn't natural selection acted to reduce it or camouflage it? Explain in detail.