Electrophysiology of the Neuron Phase State of lon Channels Movement of lons Voltage Across Membrane RMP Resting Membrane Potential Hyperpolarizing Graded Potential IPSP Depolarizing Graded Potential EPSP Depolarization Phase of Action Potential Peak of Action Potential Repolarization Phase of Action Potential Hyperpolarization Phase of Action Potential Return to RMP All voltage gated channels-CLOSED All chemically gated channels -CLOSED Voltage gated Na* CLOSED Voltage gated Na* OPEN Na+ and K+ leak channels - OPEN Na+ K+ pump working K+ Voltage gates close slowly Voltage gated K* CLOSED Voltage gated K* OPEN Cl- chemically gated channels- OPEN Na+ chemically gated channels -OPEN K+ chemically gated channels -OPEN 2 K+ pumped IN 3 Na+ pumped OUT K+ diffuses OUT Na* diffuses IN K+ diffuses out or Ch -70 mV to -56 mV -55mV to +30 mv -70 mv +30mv More negative than -70 mV +30mV to -70 mV

Q: What is the rate-limiting step in the formation of an actin filament?     Addition of actin…

A: Cytoskeleton is an intracellular network of protein filament present in the cytoplasm. There are…

Q: In what ways are the sensory systems for taste and olfaction similar? In what ways are they…

A: Similarities Taste sensory system (gustatory receptors)  Smell sensory system (olfactory…

Q: Which is one of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and…

A: Muscles is made up of thin, elongated and contractile muscles fibers. Muscles have ability to…

Q: Leak ion channels Select the correct response: open in response to small voltage changes. open when…

A: Leaky channels are those which are not regulated by the potential change in the membrane, so, any…

Q: (a) Describe the appearance of platelets and state their major function. (b) Why should platelets…

A: We can say that Platelets or thrombocytes are the small and colorless membrane-bound fragments of…

Q: How are antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells involved in B-cell activation?

A: Helper T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the immune response. They…

Q: Retina disease in diabetes and hypertension: a. Research the changes seen in the retina of patients…

A: The eye is our organ of vision. Its complicated plan implies that a picture can go through its many…

Q: How can a poor diet affect the immune system and endocrine system? Cite a SPECIFIC example for each…

A: Nervous system mainly controls the way the body responds to the stimuli which could be present…

Q: Provide the differences between the esophagus of the pig from the chicken.

A: Introduction: Pigs have a nonruminant digestive system that is characterized as monogastric. The…

Q: How is long refractory period beneficial for cardiac muscles?

A: Introduction: The heart is a muscular beating organ that transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs…

Q: The cardiac action potential is substantially longer than a neuron potential due to:   Question…

A: Pacemaker potentials also called diastolic depolarization, it is this slow increase in membrane…

Q: Which leukocyte is not a granulocyte? A. monocyte B. basophil C. eosinophil D. neutrophil

A: The white blood cells or WBC are colorless, nucleated blood cells which lack hemoglobin and which…

Q: describe the properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissue classes;

A: Epithelial tissue marks the epithelium, that is the sheet of cells that cover exterior surfaces of…

Q: Trace the route of air in the dog during respiration

A: Respiration is a process that all living beings must undergo in order to live. It is the act of…

Q: Which of the following does NOT describe the central nervous system? Choose only one answer.   -…

A: In human body total 11 system are present which are responsible for various activities.Every system…

Q: summary of lymphatic system

A: Of the total fluid filtered out from the arterioler portion of the capillaries only about 90% is…

Q: Question 2 The detrusor muscle O moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. surrounds the renal…

A: Urine formation occurs in the long nephron which is part of the renal tubule and renal corpuscle…

Q: Both Tactile Corpuscles and Lamellated Corpuscles are encapsulated and detect different amounts of…

A: Introduction: Sensory receptors are nerves that are triggered by physical stimuli and communicate…

Q: Define centromere

A: A chromatid is an organized structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and protein found in the…

Q: Betty, a 82-year-old woman with no signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease would like to start…

A: Betty is a 82 year old lady, though she doesn't have any signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary…

Q: 2. What hormones are controlled and secreted by the pituitary gland? * O FSH and estrogen O LH and…

A: Introduction: The pituitary gland belongs to the endocrine system. It's an oval, pea-sized structure…

Q: Using the chromatophore (pigmented) cells of zebra fish as an experimental system, you and a…

A: Cytoplasmic motors Kinesin and dynein both are responsible for long-range transport in many cell…

Q: Clavicle Patella Skull Femur Pectoral Girdle Sternum Fibula Radius Symphysis pubis _Humerus Rib…

A: The human skeleton provides the body with a framework onto which muscles can attach and provide the…

Q: Describe the process of implantation and placenta formation

A: Fertilization is the mechanism of fusion of sperm and an egg. This represents the first stage of…

Q: TNF and Fas ligand bind cell-surface receptors to trigger cell death. Although the death signal is…

A: Cell death in multicellular organisms is mediated by two mechanisms: apoptosis and necrosis.…

Q: age of the individual  sex of the individual  hieght of the individual

A: Asphyxia is a condition happens when your body doesn't get sufficient oxygen to hold you back from…

Q: Answer the following questions for a person deficient in sucrase. 10. Which one major nutrient group…

A: 10. A person deficient in sucrase will lack the ability to digest particular kinds of sugars i.e.…

Q: O 4. Loris O 5. Tamarin QUESTION 13 Which is an example of a primate characterized by traits such as…

A: Nocturnal hunting is a specific trait of some primates where the primates come at night in search of…

Q: When the blood glucose is low, insulin is released from the pancreas to maintain glucose…

A: The pancreas is a 15-centimeter-long elongated gland that functions as both an exocrine and an…

Q: Reflexes are often used for diagnosing disorders of the nervous system and locating injured tissues…

A: The somatic reflex is one of the types of reflexes that occurs in the somatic nervous system, the…

Q: A patient has been ill for several days with a severe case of stomach flu. Due to the excessive…

A: Given, that the patient was suffering from stomach flu and had excessive vomitings. Due to excessive…

Q: Identify the epithelial tissue based upon the description: A single layer of tall, oblong cells…

A: Epithelial lining is the outermost layer of cells that covers the skin, eyes, mouth, throat,…

Q: 6. What hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland that directly influences the production of…

A: Ovulation is the process of releasing of secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube from the ovary.

Q: Can indivuals with spinal cord injury be able to demonstrate the muscle reflexes

A: Spinal cord is the connection between  the brain and lower back region. The spinal cord carries…

Q: Ear question asap quickly

A: We can say that the Ear is defined as the organ of hearing and balance where it is divided into…

Q: 3. Jane is a sixty-year-old female who works as a grocery store checkout clerk. She recently has…

A: carpal tunnel syndrome also called median nerve compression is a condition that causes pain,…

Q: In the Small Intestine: a. Is there digestion? YES or NO b. If YES, then answer i-iv to explain. If…

A: a) Yes,  small intestine is the longest part of GI tract where most of the digestion takes place. b)…

Q: The following are located in the central nervous system, except: Select the correct response:…

A: The cells of nervous system other than neurons which are incapable of generating and transmitting…

Q: Name two endocrine glands (or regions) that are important in the stress response, and explain why…

A: Stress is referred to a situation of physical and physiological distress which is occurred due to…

Q: the process that initiates urineformation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of…

A: Glomerular filtrate is very analogous to blood plasma without the proteins, but at the same time not…

Q: Question 14 of 18 Fill in the blanks: All living cells, including neurons, maintain a difference in…

A: Introduction: An axon is a neuronal component that participates in action potentials. A fast…

Q: Effect of glucagon on the adipose tissues:   a breakdown of lipids.   b increase lipid synthesis…

A: Hormones are defined as the type of chemical messengers that are secreted by the endocrine glands…

Q: The articular joints found in your body are classified BOTH functionally and structurally. Name the…

A: A articulation or articular surface is the connection which is made between bones.These joints are…

Q: Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum following death. Without available ATP, rigor…

A: Rigor mortis is a change in the body that occurs after 2-4 hours of the death of an individual. It…

Q: The medication Zantac→ that Sam took for the pain relief is an H2 blocker (receptor antagonist).…

A: The digestion and absorption of nutrients by the digestive system is under the control of neural and…

Q: Hemophilia is characterized by. a. inadequate production of heparin b. inadequate production of…

A: Genetic disorders are types of disorders that occur when there is a mutation in the coding region of…

Q: 9

A: A body cavity or coelom is a fluid-filled part of the human body that holds the visceral organs in…

Q: Blood Type and Rh factor: A Rh 1. Blood Type and Rh to right А 2. Blood Type and Rh to left Rh 10. В

A: The ABO blood group is determined by the presence of specific antigen on the plasma membrane of red…

Q: A patient with Essential thrombocythemia was extracted for CBC to monitor the effectiveness of…

A: Introduction: Blood platelets are colourless, microscopic pieces of cells that form clots to stop…

Q: Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

A: VISUAL PATHWAY::  The visual pathway consists of mainly retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic…