etter of the message is shifted a fixed dista comes D. B becomes E, and so on. For the e and "wrap around". W becomes Z, X bece change a message back, each letter is repla MNOPO RST U V WX
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- C programming Implement an encoder. When completed, your program should be able to accept a short sentence from the user and display an encrypted version of it. For simplicity, let us assume one case of letters throughout, say CAPITALS. We can use a substitution method to scramble a sentence and then use the reverse of this process to recover it. If we take two rows of the alphabet and shift the bottom row along a specified amount (our key), we can then read the letters in our sentence from the top row and use the substituted letter from the bottom row to form the encrypted sentence. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W In the example above, the key is 3, hence the second row is shifted by three characters along. Take, for instance, the sentence “HELLO”. Each letter of your message should be replaced by the letter in the alphabet that comes three letters before. For “HELLO” that would be: EBIIL Your program is required…Implement the first round of AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) in python. Given a message with 128 bits, two subkeys subkey0 and subkey1, your program should be able to perform one AddKey before Round 1 and the corresponding operations (SubBytes, ShiftRows, Mix-Columns, and AddKey) in Round 1, and output the result of the encryption after Round 1.In a special case of a permutation cipher, we take a message, M, and write its letters in an s× t table, in a row-major fashion, and then let the ciphertext be a column-major listing of the entries in the table. For example, to encrypt the message ATTACKATDAWN, using a 3 × 4 table, we would write the message as ATTA CKAT DAWN and then write down the ciphertext as ACDTKATAWATN. The secret key in this cryptosystem is the pair (s, t). How is decryption done in this cryptosystem? Also, how hard would it be to attack this cryptosystem using a ciphertext-only attack?
- Write a program (Java, C) which the following 4 password breaking cases are implemented. The password file should contain 6-digit numbers only (from 000000 to 999999) and assume that the attacker knows that. MD5 pre-implemented open-source hash algorithm should be used. If applicable, For each case what Alice’s password is, what the salts are (if you use random text generator, you need to provide the range only). Test your program and make sure that you break the target passwords in every case. Add a wild guess for the time you break the target password(s) for every case. Case I: Trudy wants to determine Alice's password. Trudy does not use her dictionary 256/2 255 expected work Case II: Trudy wants to determine Alice's password. Trudy uses her dictionary If Alice's password is in the dictionary - 219 Else - 255 Total 1/4(219)+3/4 (255) ≈ 254.6 Case III: Trudy wants to determine any of the 1024 password in the file. Trudy does not use her dictionary If passwords were hashed…kindly do it ASAP Write a code to implement the combination of RSA and AES algorithms. In your implementation, first the RSA will be used to encrypt the secret key for sending from Alice to Bob. On the other hand, the AES will be used for encryption and decryption of long messages between the Alice and Bob. Remember in such type of combination, first the Bob will generate its public and private keys and share its public key with the Alice. The Alice encrypt the short message (secret key for communicating the long messages) using RSA and send it to the Bob. Then Bob decrypts the short message (secret key for communicating the long messages) using its private key and found the short message (secret key for communicating long messages). After that both Alice and Bob use this same secret key for the encryption and decryption of long messages.in this code: def insertSort(A): for i in range(1,len(A)): j = i-1 while A[j]>A[j+1] and j>=0: A[j],A[j+1] = A[j+1],A[j] j -= 1 A = [3,1,11,9,10,2] insertSort(A) print(A) 1) What is the Hypothesis? 2) What is Your Induction
- Computer Science you are given a string X of length n and another string Y of length m ≤n. Say,the indexes p1, p2, p3, p4 and q1, q2, q3, q4 form two sub-sequences, i.e., 0 ≤ p1 < p2 < p3 < p4 < nand 0 ≤q1 < q2 < q3 < q4 < n; then, they are non-overlapping if p4 < q1.The task is to count the maximum number of non-overlapping sub-sequences of X that are thesame as Y . Thus, if X = GAXTYAWBGTAUGBTABGRGTAXB and Y = GTAB, then the answer is3 as shown by the red fonts. We cannot select the underlined GTAB as it overlaps with a red GTAB(i.e., among overlapping sub-sequences, you can select only one of them).Describe an O(m + n) time algorithm to obtain the count. Write a pseudo-code.Given the following function, what happens if a[] contains just one element that doesn't match val? int binarySearch(int a[], int first, int last, int val){ if (first > last) return -1; int middle = (first + last) / 2; if (a[middle] == val) return middle; if (a[middle] < val) return binarySearch(a, middle+1, last, val); else return binarySearch(a, first, middle-1, val);} Group of answer choices binarySearch never calls itself again and terminates (recursion never happens) binarySearch calls itself once then terminates (recursion happens once) binarySearch calls itself twice then terminates (recursion happens twice) binarySearch calls itself 3 times then terminates (recursion happens 3 times)Introductory: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest methods of encryption techniques. It is simply a type of substitution cipher, i.e., each letter of a given text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 1, A would be replaced by B, B would become C, and so on. The method is apparently named after Julius Caesar, who apparently used it to communicate with his officials. Thus, to cipher a given text we need an integer value, known as a shift which indicates the number of positions each letter of the text has been moved down. The encryption can be represented using modular arithmetic by first transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A = 0, B = 1 ,…, Z = 25. Encryption of a letter by a shift n can be described mathematically as. En(x) = (x+n) mod 26 (Encryption Phase with shift n) Write an algorithm and implement a program in C to read the data from a file (called…
- Write a program that animates quadratic probing,as shown in Figure . You can change the initial size of the hash-table in theprogram. Assume the load-factor threshold to be 0.8.using python In a jupyter notebook, implement a recursive function anagrams() that computes anagrams of a given word. An anagram of word A is word B that can be formed by re-arranging the letters of A. For example, the word pot is the anagram of the word top. Your function will take as an input the name of a file of words and as well a word, and print all the words in the file that are anagrams of the input word. Used the attached file words.txt as your file of words. words.txt Points for handling base case, a step that brings you closer to solving the problem, and correctly reading from the file. >>> anagrams("words.txt, trace) crate cater react- In class HashTable implement a hash table and consider the following:(i) Keys are integers (therefore also negative!) and should be stored in the tableint[] data.(ii) As a hash function take h(x) = (x · 701) mod 2000. The size of the table istherefore 2000. Be careful when computing the index of a negative key. Forexample, the index of the key x = −10 ish(−10) = (−7010) mod 2000 = (2000(−4) + 990) mod 2000 = 990.Hence, indices should be non-negative integers between 0 and 1999!(iii) Implement insert, which takes an integer and inserts it into a table. Themethod returns true, if the insertion is successful. If an element is already inthe table, the function insert should return false.(iv) Implement search, which takes an integer and finds it in the table. The methodreturns true, if the search is successful and false otherwise.(v) Implement delete, which takes an integer and deletes it form the table. Themethod returns true, if the deletion is successful and false otherwise.(vi)…