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Examine whether the statement "all second messengers are water-soluble and diffuse freely through the cytosol" is true or false.
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- Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)Distinguish among the four types of extracellular chemical messengers with regard to their source and the distance to their target cells.Which of the following are the common features for both adenylate cyclase and guanylyl cyclase? a) Both enzymes are integral membrane proteins b) The products produced by both enzymes acts as a second messenger c) Both a and b d) Neither a or b
- Briefly explain how integral membrane proteins can participate in intracellular signaling.Gαq activates which of the following enzymes? a. phospholipase C b. PDK1 c. adenylate cyclase d. PKGBriefly describe the mechanism of action of lipid soluble chemical messengers. Include their transport upon reaching their target cell(s), location of their receptors, and how the biological response is realised.
- What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from proteins. b. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein. c. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. d. A phosphatase degrades second messengers in the cell.Most hormones, such as peptide hormones, exert their effects by binding to cell- surface receptors. However, steroid hormones do so by binding to cytosolic receptors. How is this possible?For cell signaling, write the general process of how a hydrophilic signal is received and transduced, and contrast this to a hydrophobic signal