Explain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone a defect in a G protein that renders the GTPase activity inactive
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Explain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone
- a defect in a G protein that renders the GTPase activity inactive.
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- Explain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in a growth factor receptor with protein kinase activityExplain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, making R incapable of binding to the catalytic (C) subunitExplain how the hormone-receptor complex can alter theG proteins on the inner surface of the plasma membrane.Which subunit of the G protein alters the activity ofmolecules inside the plasma membrane or inside the cell?
- Recently, a Gα q-coupled receptor was discovered that mediates at least some of the many activities of estrogen. At the time, this discovery generated considerable controversy, as it ran counter to what was then the understanding of how steroid hormone signaling worked. Which of the following observations might have led the investigators to suspect the existence of this newly discovered receptor? A. Activities of estrogen apparent less than 1 minute after application of the hormone B. The growth promoting activity of estrogen C. The presence of estrogen nuclear receptors in cells not previously known to respond to the hormone D. Estrogen is found in much higher concentrations in adult women than adult men E. Uptake of estrogen by target cellsIn the liver and muscle cells, epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen by inhibiting glycogen synthesis and stimulating glycogen breakdown. Outline the signaling events that occur after epinephrine binds to its receptor and the resultant increase in the concentration of intracellular cAMP and release of glucose.in the insulin signaling pathway, the function of the PIP3-dependent Protein Kinase-1 is to add a __ group to the enzyme __ , which activates that enzyme.
- What are the roles of the following signaling molecules in the glucagon pathway: a. Ligand b. Receptor c. GEF d. Heterotrimeric G proteinDescribe the main mechanisms by which G proteins are activated upon norepinephrine bindingWhy is the fact that a monomeric hormone binds simultaneously to two identical receptor molecules, thus promoting the formation of a dimer of the receptor, considered remarkable?
- Describe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?Human growth hormone binds to a cell-surface membrane protein that is not a receptor tyrosine kinase. The intracellular domain of the receptor can bind other proteins inside the cell. Furthermore, studies indicate that the receptor is monomeric in the absence of hormone but dimerizes on hormone binding. Propose a possible mechanism for growth-hormone signaling.In their mechanism of action, a difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones is that __________. nonsteroid hormones bind to DNA steroid hormones enter the nucleus of the target cell, and nonsteroid hormones do not nonsteroid hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do steroid hormones steroid hormones use a signal transduction pathway