Explain how Tryptophan acts as an effector?

Q: Describe how the signal transduction pathway leads to activation of MAPKinase or Akt/PKB?

A: Answer: Introduction: Signal transduction is the mechanism by that a biochemical or physical signal…

Q: A mutation in troponin that increased its affinity for its ligand would lead to

A: Troponin protein helps to make muscle in rest Condition with the help of tropomyosin protein

Q: Which Escherichia coli genes are activated and which arerepressed during the stringent response, and…

A: Bacteria are microorganism that most commonly occur in the soil, air, water and in adverse…

Q: • Explain how granzymes and perforin are used by natural killer cells to attack virus-infected…

A: Granzymes are serine proteases delivered by cytoplasmic granules inside cytotoxic T cells and common…

Q: Enumerate SRP binding molecules and indicate the function elicited by each binding AND Explain the…

A: Signal sequence  - slowing of protein synthesis ( elongation arrest ) :…

Q: If tryptophan is in high levels, will transcripition stop or initiate?

A: Transcription is a process in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA…

Q: Apart from iron, which other cation has a clinically significant binding with transferrin?

A: A positively charged ion is called the cation. While the negatively charged are termed as the…

Q: Describe the types of cellular damage produced by ROS.

A: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical molecules formed due to the electron…

Q: Define about auxotroph ?

A: A mutation is a biological process occurring in the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence due to…

Q: what are the facilated transport system for drug absorption?

A: Facilitated transport is a special kind of passive diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane…

Q: Describe in detail how a tryptophan attenuator iscontrolled

A: Step 1  A repressible operon system is a positively regulated segment of genetic material which…

Q: Explain about auxotroph. Define its working ?

A: Auxotroph are microorganisms that are unable to synthesize an essential nutrient because of gene…

Q: Explain why mutations in the lacI gene are trans in their effects, but mutations in the lacO gene…

A: Lac operon is defined as an operon which is required for the metabolism and transport of a lactose…

Q: Which sigma factor is activated in the stationary phase? O A. RpoN O B. RpoE O C. RpoH O D. Rpos O…

A:

Q: Describe how G proteins are activated and inactivated. What protein functions as a GEF?

A: G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as…

Q: Explain how different types of reversible inhibitors can be identified.

A: An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

Q: What is hyper-responsive (example)?

A: The nervous system comprises the brain, neurons and spinal cord. The nerves are responsible for…

Q: Draw a diagram describing the adenylyl cyclase–cAMP system.

A: GPCR is the largest family of cell surface receptor that transmits signals to intracellular target…

Q: Describe the causes of proteolytic stress in a living cell.

A: Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the…

Q: Describe how enzymatic actions function as defensemechanisms against pathogens.

A: Enzyme are the biomolecules that acts as catalyst in the biochemical reactions and increases the…

Q: How are targeting and fusionproteins such as SNAREs regulated,so that they can be returned to…

A: The fusion of a transport vesicle with its target involve two types first it must recognise the…

Q: riefly Describe What are the differences between selective and non-selective beta blocker? Describe…

A: The extent to which a particular medication can act on a certain site compared to other sites of the…

Q: How antiterminator hairpin is formed ?

A: Introduction: An operon is defined as a group of genes that have a common promoter and regulator and…

Q: Define some physiological alteration of the F factor ?

A: F-factor is the factor associated with a fibre-rich and protein-rich diet. It is an approach to a…

Q: What is the target cell response to decreased ligand concentration?

A: A ligand is often a chemical that establishes a bond with a biomolecule to produce a biological…

Q: Describe how the process of receptor desensitization leads to drug tolerance

A: Tolerance creates when an individual has been consistently taking a drug and their body starts to…

Q: What occurs when the JAK-STAT pathway is activated?

A: The JAK/STAT pathway is a cell signaling pathway. The JAK are a category of proteins belonging to…

Q: 1- - C. IL-05 B. D. E. Bat 2 A. Name this signaling. Label:

A: Cell signalling can be divided into four types based on the distance the signals travels to reach…

Q: write the names of FMN and FAD requiring enzymes .

A: FMN ( flavin mononucleotide ) and  FAD ( flavin adenine dinucleotide ) are the active moiety of…

Q: Why is adaptation during chemotaxis important?

A: Chemotaxis refers to the migration of an organism in response to any chemical stimulus. Bacteria,…

Q: In the light of the mechanisms of signal transduction pathways, describe how:  1. the immune system…

A: 1)Immunity is the resistance of the body to fight against foreign agents .the immunity present since…

Q: How does DNOC act?

A: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) is an organic compound that was used as a pesticide. It is extremely…

Q: What is antiterminator hairpin ?

A: It is a secondary structure of RNA. It determines interaction in ribozyme and can help in RNA…

Q: What are the mechanisms by which the attenuator forms when tryptophan levels are high and the…

A: Tryptophan is an amino acid. It is produced by many structural genes of an operon. An attenuator…

Q: Technically explain the hybridoma technology that enables monoclonal anchor production.

A: Hybridoma technology is a method of producing large number of identical antibodies (also called as…

Q: Give examples of bioanalytical sensors?

A: Introduction: Bioanalytical devices or biosensors are instruments used to recognize the presence of…

Q: ALT is not used as a hepatocellular damage marker in cattle, Explain why.

A: Blood biochemical profiles are being extensively used in veterinary medicine not only for individual…

Q: What is attenuation? What are the mechanisms by which the attenuator forms when tryptophan levels…

A: In some operons like tryptophan operon transcription starts from the transcription start site, but…

Q: In 40 words or fewer, explain what an enzyme cascade is in the context of signal transduction…

A: Ligands are the chemical signals between the cells that bind to the receptor protein on the surface…

Q: Provide a detailed arrow-pushing mechanism for the following transformation: Br H20 O- H3C Upload an…

A: Secondary Alkyl halides with water shows SN1 mechanism because water is a polar protic molecule.

Q: With the aid of a diagram, explain feedback inhibition and feedback repression.

A: The intracellular concentration of a protein and other products is managed at a set point. There are…

Q: How do RER and SER differ from one another in terms of structure and function? List the processes in…

A: A cell is the basic key of life that is capable of performing all the functions of life and also…

Q: Compare and contrast the means by which the alternate, lectin, and classical pathways are activated.

A: Introduction  Immune cells are very crucial for our health as they protect our body from foreign…

Q: ts that work by altering responses

A: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), can be defined…

Q: (b) What is E-factor?

A: *E factor is also called as environmental factor. *An environmental factor or it is also called as…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.