Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a. Immunological Tolerance

Q: Describe the concepts behind the main types of immunoassays,and discuss their uses in diagnosis.

A: Immunoassay techniques allow rapid and accurate measurement or trace antigen and antibody. They use…

Q: Briefly explain about Two types of Immunomodulators(Immunosuppressant and Immunostimulant)

A: Immunomodulators These drugs redesign the immune system and are used in immune therapy. The common…

Q: Define the term immunological surveillance, and identify the cells involved in this function.

A: Immunological surveillance is the monitoring process of immune system that detects and also destroys…

Q: Define Inflammatory Response, Stress, Malignant, and Immunocompromised. Give each example.

A: An organism's immune system is a web of biological processes that defends it against illness. It can…

Q: Explain all immunities.

A: The immune response defends against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and…

Q: What is an immunoglobulin? Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule (light chain and…

A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…

Q: list and explain three ways in which pathogens can evade, subvert or destroy our immunse

A: Our immune system is quick and intelligent to recognise the pathogen or microbes by their antigens.…

Q: Describe the two major ways in which monoclonal antibodies are used for immunotherapy

A: Immunotherapy means treating a disease by inducing the immune response of the individual.…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of antibody specificity and diversity.

A: Introduction: The antibody is a protein secreted by the body to fight against the invasive pathogen…

Q: Molecules that function as antibodies and help the body to fight infection include 12

A: Macromolecules are very large molecules commonly composed of the polymerization of smaller subunits…

Q: Define autoimmunity, and explain some possible causes.

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to prevent the entry of harmful microbes in the…

Q: Suppose a patient is suffered by fever with inflammation.  What will be the biomarkers to detect…

A: Inflammation It is a local defensive mechanism to the tissue damage to limit the spread of injurious…

Q: Distinguish between an antigen and an allergen.

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to fight against infections caused by a…

Q: Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of an immunogen.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Q: Discuss the main categories of antigens, based on function.

A: Antigens are the foreign molecule capable of inducing an immune response. One of the exclusive…

Q: Define the term immunization ?

A: Immunization is a process that is related to immunity. Here we will define the term immunization…

Q: What are the two complex properties of immunogenicity?

A: Immunogenicity is the potential of any foreign substance to initiate immune response of the…

Q: Distinguish between antigens and antibodies and explain the  structure of an antibody molecules

A: The immune system functions to protect the body from foreign bodies. There are two types of the…

Q: Describe the significance of bone marrow, blood, andlymph to cells and proteins associated with the…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Describe how an immediate-reactionhypersensitivity (allergy) response may occur.

A: Hypersensitivity reaction(HR) It occurs when the normally protective immune system responds…

Q: The human blood is classified into four different blood types, namely A, B, AB, and O, due to the…

A: Answer :: First we shoud know Agglutination. Agglutination is the formation of the clumps of cells…

Q: Explain the following concept in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable A.…

A: An immune response is a reaction that occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against…

Q: Identify how antigen-antibody reactions are detected and quantified

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: Describe the two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain…

A: Protein molecules known as antibodies or immunoglobulins are created by the body's immune cells.…

Q: Explain a comparison of good immunogens and poor immunogens.

A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…

Q: List two potentially life-threatening consequences of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction and explain…

A: The immune system is critical for maintaining human health and defending the body from microbial…

Q: immunoglobin antibody to a pa

A: Immunoglobulins are also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules that are produced with the…

Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a.…

A: An immune response is a series of reactions, that takes place within an organism for the protection…

Q: role of the innate immune system in initiating the acquired immune response.

A: Innate and acquired immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to fight diseases. Innate immunity…

Q: Some General Features Of Antigen-antibody Interaction?

A: Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to create antibodies against them. An antibody,…

Q: Explain the term immunopathology and also identify two categories of immune dysfunction.

A: A crucial area of the medical and biological sciences, immunology is the study of the immune system.…

Q: give an example of an endogenous and exogenous antigen?

A: Exogenous vs. Endogenous antigen:This refers to Where the microbial ANTIGENS are made... inside or…

Q: What type of molecule forms the antibodies found in the human immune system?

A: Antibodies are formed against antigens. They are produced by B cells, a specific type of white blood…

Q: Describe the structural components of an antibody and compare the features of the five…

A: Ans: Antibody: The Y shaped protein molecule also referred to as immunoglobulin (Ig), which…

Q: Provide examples and mechanisms for an antibody-mediatedautoimmune disease directed against a…

A: Some basic information :- Immune system :- these are the cells or tissues which work together in…

Q: Explain the function of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood types in a few words.

A: Introduction A immune system is the responsible for protecting the body against infection. Immune…

Q: Identify two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody, and explain how…

A: Serology is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. In practical immunological…

Q: Antigens include proteins, polysaccharides, and various small molecules that stimulate antibody…

A: Antigens are the substances or immunoglobulin which create response towards an allergen present on…

Q: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare itto an epitope recognized by a TCR.

A: Given: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare it to an epitope recognized by a…

Q: Briefly indicate the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups.

A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…

Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable;…

A: An immune response is a series of reactions that takes place within an organism for the protection…

Q: Explain the four hypersensitvity disorders that occurs during the immune system and how they are…

A: The defense mechanism of the host that includes several biological structures and processes to…

Q: Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether…

A: The immune system is responsible for the defence of the body against pathogens.

Q: Define the term immunoglobulins  ?

A: Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produces by plasma cells. They…

Q: Define autoimmunity

A: The presence of antibodies against a disease in a person's system confers immunity to that sickness.…