Explain why both starch synthesis and the activity of the Triose-P. Phosphate translocator serve to maintain the ability of the chloroplast to maintain high photosynthetic rates.
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- Identify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox loopIn cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must bepassed through the cycle to pump enough protons to generate one ATP.Assuming that the ∆G for hydrolysis of ATP under conditions existing inthe chloroplast is about -50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent efficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?Chloroplast ATP synthase contains 14 c subunits. How many protons must be translocated to the thylakoid lumen to support the synthesis of one ATP?
- What is the significance that the combined absorption spectra of chlorophylls a and b roughly match the action spectrum of photosynthesis? Wouldphotosynthesis be more efficient if their individual absorption spectra coincided exactly?In cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must be passed through the cycle to pump enough protons to gener- ate one ATP. Assuming that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP under con- ditions existing in the chloroplast is about –50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent efficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?Thylakoids were isolated from chloroplasts and incubated in the dark in an acidic solution (pH 4) to equilibrate the pH. After 30 minutes, the thylakoids were transferred to a basic solution (pH 8) and kept in the dark. Will this system produce ATP? Explain. Will this system produce G3P? Explain.
- For the chloroplast, the thylakoid membrane separates the thylakoid lumen from the stroma; the protons from the photosystems are transported, like with the mitochondrial inner membrane, against the gradient from the lumen to the stroma. However, the pH(lumen) – pH (stroma) is much larger, about 3.4. Calculate delta psi (the electric potential) for the thylakoid membrane, given that ∆G of proton transport is about the same as for the mitochondrion. Then comment on its permeability to ions, compared to the mitochondrial inner membrane’s permeability to ions.The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a differs from the actionspectrum of photosynthesis. Explain this observation.In cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must be passed through the cycle to pump enough protons to generate one ATP. Assuming that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP under conditions existing in the chloroplast is about –50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent ef- ficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?
- It is believed that the ratio of cyclic photophosphorylation to noncyclicphotophosphorylation changes in response to metabolic demands. Ineach of the following situations, would you expect the ratio to increase,decrease, or remain unchanged?(a) Chloroplasts carrying out both the Calvin cycle and the reduction ofnitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (This process does not require ATP.)(b) Chloroplasts carrying out not only the Calvin cycle but also extensiveactive transport(c) Chloroplasts using both the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathwayIn chloroplasts, protons are pumped out of thestroma across the thylakoid membrane, whereas in mito-chondria, they are pumped out of the matrix across thecrista membrane. Explain how this arrangement allowschloroplasts to generate a larger proton gradient acrossthe thylakoid membrane than mitochondria can generateacross the inner membrane.Assume a pH gradient of 4.0 units across a thylakoid membrane, with the lumen more acidic than the stroma.What is the standard free energy change per mol O2 produced? How does this compare to the energy required to drive the synthesis of ATP?