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Explain why, in humans, chromosomal mutation rates in females are much higher than in males.
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- Why in humans, most new mutations found in the progeny come from the sperm ratherthan from the egg?Explain what happens to the sequence of DNA during trinucleotiderepeat expansion (TNRE). If someone was mildly affected with a TNRE disorder, what issues would be important when considering possible effects in future offspring?Explain why the sequences of these two genes are similar to each other but not identical.
- Explain why loss-of-function hedgehog and smoothened mutations yield the same phenotype in flies, but a loss-of- function patched mutation yields the opposite phenotype.please solve the following: (a)Explain how a mutation effects a genotype. (b) Explain how a mutation may or may not effect a phenotype. (c)What is the difference between DNA replication, transcription, and translation. What are the products in each, and what are they used for? please solve accurate and exact.Comparing the colchicine-treated cell and the untreated cell, what general type of chromosomal mutation did colchicine induce?
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene that encodes dystrophin, a large protein that plays an important role in the development of normal muscle fibers. The Dystrophin gene is immense, spanning 2.5 million base pairs, and includes 79 exons and 78 introns. Many of the mutations that cause DMD produce premature stop codons, which bring protein synthesis to a halt, resulting in a greatly shortened and nonfunctional form of dystrophin. Some geneticists have proposed treating DMD patients by introducing small RNA molecules that cause the spliceosome to skip the exon containing the stop codon (A. Goyenvalle et al., 2004. Science 306:1796–1799). The introduction of the small RNAs will produce a protein that is somewhat shortened because an exon is skipped and some amino acids are missing, but it may still result in a protein that has some function. The small RNAs, antisense RNAs, used for exon skipping are complementary to…Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene that encodes dystrophin, a large protein that plays an important role in the development of normal muscle fibers. The dystrophin gene is immense, spanning 2.5 million base pairs, and includes 79 exons and 78 introns. Many of the mutations that cause DMD produce premature stop codons, which bring protein synthesis to a halt, resulting in a greatly shortened and nonfunctionalform of dystrophin. Some geneticists have proposed treating DMD patients by causing the spliceosome to skip the exon containing the stop codon. Exon skipping would produce a protein that is somewhat shortened (because an exon is skipped and some amino acids are missing), but might still result in a protein that had some function (A. Goyenvalle et al. 2004. Science 306:1796–1799). Propose a possible mechanism to bring about exon skipping for the treatment of DMD.Define nonsense mutation and silent mutation.