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- 31. a. Prove Theorem : The center of a group is an abelian subgroup of. b. Prove Theorem : Let be an element of a group .the centralizer of in is subgroup of.23. Let be a group that has even order. Prove that there exists at least one element such that and . (Sec. ) Sec. 4.4, #30: 30. Let be an abelian group of order , where is odd. Use Lagrange’s Theorem to prove that contains exactly one element of order .True or False Label each of the following statements as either true or false. Let H1,H2 be finite groups of an abelian group G. Then | H1H2 |=| H1 |+| H2 |.
- Exercises Let be the mapping from Sn to the additive group 2 defined by (f)={ [ 0 ]iffisanevenpermutation[ 1 ]iffisanoddpermutation a. Prove that is a homomorphism. b. Find the kernel of . c. Prove or disprove that an epimorphism. d. Prove or disprove that an isomorphism.1.Prove part of Theorem . Theorem 3.4: Properties of Group Elements Let be a group with respect to a binary operation that is written as multiplication. The identity element in is unique. For each, the inverse in is unique. For each . Reverse order law: For any and in ,. Cancellation laws: If and are in , then either of the equations or implies that .In Example 3, the group S(A) is nonabelian where A={ 1,2,3 }. Exhibit a set A such that S(A) is abelian. Example 3. We shall take A={ 1,2,3 } and obtain an explicit example of S(A). In order to define an element f of S(A), we need to specify f(1), f(2), and f(3). There are three possible choices for f(1). Since f is to be bijective, there are two choices for f(2) after f(1) has been designated, and then only once choice for f(3). Hence there are 3!=321 different mappings f in S(A).
- Exercises In Section 3.3, the centralizer of an element a in the group G was shown to be the subgroup given by Ca=xGax=xa. Use the multiplication table constructed in Exercise 20 to find the centralizer Ca for each element a of the octic group D4. Construct a multiplication table for the octic group D4 described in Example 12 of this section.Prove part e of Theorem 3.4. Theorem 3.4: Properties of Group Elements Let G be a group with respect to a binary operation that is written as multiplication. The identity element e in G is unique. For each xG, the inverse x1 in G is unique. For each xG,(x1)1=x. Reverse order law: For any x and y in G, (xy)1=y1x1. Cancellation laws: If a,x, and y are in G, then either of the equations ax=ay or xa=ya implies that x=y.Consider the additive group of real numbers. Prove or disprove that each of the following mappings : is an automorphism. Equality and addition are defined on in Exercise 52 of section 3.1. a. (x,y)=(y,x) b. (x,y)=(x,y) Sec. 3.1,52 Let G1 and G2 be groups with respect to addition. Define equality and addition in the Cartesian product by G1G2 (a,b)=(a,b) if and only if a=a and b=a (a,b)+(c,d)=(ac,bd) Where indicates the addition in G1 and indicates the addition in G2. Prove that G1G2 is a group with respect to addition. Prove that G1G2 is abelian if both G1 and G2 are abelian. For notational simplicity, write (a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d) As long as it is understood that the additions in G1 and G2 may not be the same binary operations.
- 11. Assume that are subgroups of the abelian group such that the sum is direct. If is a subgroup of for prove that is a direct sum.a. Let G={ [ a ][ a ][ 0 ] }n. Show that G is a group with respect to multiplication in n if and only if n is a prime. State the order of G. This group is called the group of units in n and is designated by Un. (Sec 3.35, Sec 3.411, Sec 3.519) b. Construct a multiplication table for the group U7 of all nonzero elements in 7, and identify the inverse of each element. (Sec 4.4,1,19,26) Sec 3.35 5. Exercise 33 of section 3.1 shows that U1313 is a group under multiplication. List the elements of the subgroup [ 4 ] of U13, and state its order. List the elements of the subgroup [ 8 ] of U13, and state its order. Sec 3.411 11. If n is a prime, the nonzero elements of n form a group Un with respect to multiplication. For each of the following values of n, show that this group Un is cyclic. n=7 b. n=5 c. n=11 d. n=13 e. n=17 f. n=19 Sec 3.519 19. If n is a prime, Un, the set of nonzero elements of n, forms a group with respect to multiplication. Prove or disprove that the mapping :UnUn defined by the rule in Exercise 18 is an automorphism of Un. Construct a multiplication table for the group U7 of all nonzero elements in 7, and identify the inverse of each element. (Sec 4.4,1,19,26) Sec 4.4,1 1. Consider U13, the groups of units in 13 under multiplication. For each of the following subgroups H in U13, partition U13 into left cosets of H, and state the index [ U13:H ] of H in U13 H= [ 4 ] b. H= [ 8 ] Sec 4.4,19 19. Find the order of each of the following elements in the multiplicative group of units Up. [ 2 ] for p=13 b. [ 5 ] for p=13 c. [ 3 ] for p=17 d. [ 8 ] for p=17 Sec 4.4,26 26. Let p be prime and G the multiplicative group of units Up={ [ a ]p[ a ][ 0 ] }. Use Langranges Theorem in G to prove Fermats Little Theorem in the form [ a ]p=[ a ] for any a.13. Assume that are subgroups of the abelian group . Prove that if and only if is generated by