For a social welfare function W = W(U1(M1); ... ; UH (MH )), where Mh is income the ‘‘social marginal utility of income’’ is defined by for all h, show that the social marginal utility of income is decreasing in Mh for a utilitarian social welfare function. Use this to argue that a fixed stock of income will be distributed equally. Show that the argument extends to any anonymous and concave social welfare function when all consumers have the same utility function.
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For a social welfare function W = W(U1(M1); ... ; UH (MH )), where Mh is income the ‘‘social
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- Person 1 and person 2 are the only two residents of an economy. Person i (where i is either 1 or 2) has the utility function Here, Yi is person i’s income and β is parameter between 0 and 1. Assume that the social welfare function is where α is a parameter between 0 and 1. Initially, person 1’s income is 1 and person 2’s income is 2. a) Express W in terms of Y1 and Y2. If a social indifference curve shows all the pairs (Y1, Y2) that yield the same value of W, what would a social indifference curve look like if it were drawn in the (Y1, Y2) quadrant? Find an algebraic expression for the slope of a social indifference curve. b) Imagine that income redistribution is costless, in the sense that the economy can reach any pair (Y1, Y2) that satisfies the condition Draw a graph of the attainable pairs in the (Y1, Y2) quadrant. This set is called the “utility possibility frontier.” Using this frontier and the social indifference curves,…Anna and Bob are the only residents of a small town. The town currently funds its fire department solely from the individual contributions of these two residents. Each of the two residents has a utility function over private goods x and total number of firemen M, of the form: u(x,M)=2 ln x+ln M?. The total provision of firemen hired, M, is the sum of the number hired by each of the two persons: M=M^A+M^B. Ann and Bob both have income of 200 each, and the price of both the private good and a fireman is 1. They are limited to providing between 0 and 200 firemen. For the purposes of this problem, you can treat the number of firemen as a continuous variable (it could be man-years). Suppose that the government recruits additional ? firemen and taxes Ann and Bob equally to cover the cost. Therefore, the total number of firemen is M^A+M^B+N, where M^A, M^B are appropriate individually-optimal contributions of A and B (i.e., the agents behave optimally, conditional on the policy), and each…Tess and Lex earn $40,000 per year and all earnings are spent on consumption (c). Tess and Lex both have the utility function c. Both could experience an adverse event that results in earnings of $0 per year. Tess has a 1% chance of experiencing an adverse event and Lex has a 12% chance of experiencing an adverse event. Tess and Lex are both aware of their risk of an adverse event. Assume the social welfare function is the sum of the Tess’ and Lex’s utility functions. Select the correct statement regarding the explanation for what has happened in the private market and the role of social insurance. a.Adverse section has lead to market failure. The government could improve social welfare by providing full insurance and charging the average of actuarially fair premiums. b.Adverse section has lead to market failure. The government could improve social welfare by providing partial insurance at an actuarially fair premium. c.Moral Hazard has lead to market failure. The government…
- Consider a single mother with the utility function U = 2/3 log(x) + 1/3 log(), where x is consumption and is leisure. The mother can work up to 100 hours per month. Any of the 100 hours that are not worked are leisure hours. She earns a wage of $10 per hour and pays no taxes. The consumption price is normalized to $1. To be able to work, she has to incur a child care cost of $5 for every hour worked. a. Suppose that there is no tax and welfare benefits. How many hours will she work and what will be her consumption level? Draw the graph depicting her budget set with consumption on the vertical axis and leisure on the horizontal axis. b. Suppose that the government introduces a negative income tax (NIT) that guarantees an income of $200 per month. The benefit is taken away one for one as earnings increase. Draw the new budget set. Compute the new number of hours worked and consumption level. Has consumption increased and is the mother better off? Why or why not? c. Now…Anna and Bob are the only residents of a small town. The town currently funds its fire department solely from the individual contributions of these two residents. Each of the two residents has a utility function over private goods x and total number of firemen M, of the form: u(x,M)=2lnx+lnM. The total provision of firemen hired, M, is the sum of the number hired by each of the two persons: M=MA+MB. Ann and Bob both have income of 200 each, and the price of both the private good and a fireman is 1. They are limited to providing between 0 and 200 firemen. For the purposes of this problem, you can treat the number of firemen as a continuous variable (it could be man-years). Consider the setup from above. Suppose that the government recruits additional ?N firemen and taxes Ann and Bob equally to cover the cost. Therefore, the total number of firemen is MA+MB+N, where MA,MB are appropriate individually-optimal contributions of A and B(i.e., the agents behave optimally, conditional on the…Anna and Bob are the only residents of a small town. The town currently funds its fire department solely from the individual contributions of these two residents. Each of the two residents has a utility function over private goods x and total number of firemen M, of the form: u(x,M)=2lnx+lnM. The total provision of firemen hired, M, is the sum of the number hired by each of the two persons: M=MA+MB. Ann and Bob both have income of 200 each, and the price of both the private good and a fireman is 1. They are limited to providing between 0 and 200 firemen. For the purposes of this problem, you can treat the number of firemen as a continuous variable (it could be man-years). Consider the setup from above. The government proposes an alternative, market-based solution. They charge each citizen the price p for every firemen stationed at the local fire station. Then, the price is being set at a level p∗ at which each individual demands the socially optimal number of firemen. What is the…
- Anna and Bob are the only residents of a small town. The town currently funds its fire department solely from the individual contributions of these two residents. Each of the two residents has a utility function over private goods x and total number of firemen M, of the form: u(x,M)=2lnx+lnM. The total provision of firemen hired, M, is the sum of the number hired by each of the two persons: M=MA+MB. Ann and Bob both have income of 200 each, and the price of both the private good and a fireman is 1. They are limited to providing between 0 and 200 firemen. For the purposes of this problem, you can treat the number of firemen as a continuous variable (it could be man-years). Consider the setup from above. Suppose that we identify the social welfare in this town by the sum of utilities of Ann and Bob. What is the socially optimal number of firemen? a. M=400/3 b. M=80 c. M=400 d. m=200/3Consider a two-person exchange economy in which initial endowments for both individuals are such that (e1 = e1) = (1,1). Suppose the two individuals have the following indirect utility functions: V1 (x, y) = ln M1 - a ln Px - (1-a) ln Py V2 (x, y) = ln M2 -b ln Px - (1-b) ln Py Where Mi is the income level of person i and Px and Py are the prices for goods x and goods y, respectively. a) Calculate the market clearing prices.The ‘Rawlsianism’ approach to social welfare improvement is based on a ‘Pareto improvement’ principle. Do you agree? Explain.
- Anna and Bob are the only residents of a small town. The town currently funds its fire department solely from the individual contributions of these two residents. Each of the two residents has a utility function over private goods ? and total number of firemen ?, of the form: ?(?,?)=2ln?+ln?. The total provision of firemen hired, ?, is the sum of the number hired by each of the two persons: ?=??+??. Ann and Bob both have income of 200 each, and the price of both the private good and a fireman is 1. They are limited to providing between 0 and 200 firemen. For the purposes of this problem, you can treat the number of firemen as a continuous variable (it could be man-years). Consider the setup from Question 2. Suppose that the government recruits additional ?N firemen and taxes Ann and Bob equally to cover the cost. Therefore, the total number of firemen is ??+??+?MA+MB+N, where ??,??MA,MB are appropriate individually-optimal contributions of ?A and ?B(i.e., the agents behave optimally,…If we write possible outcomes as (Utility of A, Utility of B), which of the following outcomes would a Utilitarian social welfare function select (7, 7) (-1, 22) (0, 13) (19, 1)Consider the utility function for a worker according to leisure, l, and consumption, c: where consumption has the price p and the wage has the price w. The state can implement an income tax, t, for the worker where 0 < t < 1 such that his after-tax hourly wage is w(1 - t). What is the biggest tax revenue that the state can get?