For S phase to be completed in a timely manner, DNA replication must be initiated from multiple origins in eukary-otes. In S. cerevisiae, what role do S phase CDKs and DDKs play to ensure that the entire genome is replicated once andonly once per cell cycle?
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For S phase to be completed in a timely manner,
replication must be initiated from multiple origins in eukary-
otes. In S. cerevisiae, what role do S phase CDKs and DDKs
play to ensure that the entire genome is replicated once and
only once per cell cycle?
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- . Early in development, most human cells turn off expression of an essential component of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for addition of telomere repeat sequences (5’-TTAGGG) to the ends of chromosomes. Thus, as our cells proliferate their telomeres get shorter and shorter, but are normally not lost over the course of a lifetime. If cells are removed from the body and grown in culture, however they ultimately enter a state of replicative senescence and stop dividing when their telomeres get too short. By contrast, most human tumor cells express active telomerase, allowing them to maintain their telomeres and grow beyond the normal limit imposed by senescence - good for them, bad for us. Anticipating a universal cure for cancer, you set up a company to screen chemical ‘libraries’ for telomerase inhibitors. The company share price takes a dive, however, when a rival group generates a strain of telomerase-knockout mice. These mice breed happily for several generations, but…Map distances were determined for four differentgenes (MAT, HIS4, THR4, and LEU2) on chromosome III of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae:HIS4 ↔ MAT 37 cMTHR4 ↔ LEU2 35 cMLEU2 ↔ HIS4 23 cMMAT ↔ LEU2 16 cMMAT ↔ THR4 20 cMWhat is the order of genes on the chromosome?How do the linear chromosomes in eukaryotes ensure that its ends are replicated completely?
- Why is a chromosomal fragment without a centromeresubsequently lost and degraded?why The chromatids formed byrecombination within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversionheterozygote are genetically unbalanced?What percentage of the DNA sites in yeast are accessible, assuming that the fraction of sites observed for GAL4 is typical? To how many base pairs of the 12-Mb yeast genome does this percentage correspond?
- If you expose a culture of human cells (for example,HeLa cells) to 3H-thymidine during S phase, howwould the radioactivity be distributed over a pair ofhomologous chromosomes at metaphase? Would theradioactivity be in (a) one chromatid of one homolog,(b) both chromatids of one homolog, (c) one chromatid each of both homologs, (d) both chromatids ofboth homologs, or (e) some other pattern? Choose thecorrect answer and explain your reasoning.The molecular mechanism of SCE is similar to homologousrecombination between homologs except that the two segmentsof DNA are sister chromatids instead of homologous chromatids.If branch migration occurs during SCE, will a heteroduplex beformed? Explain why or why not. Can gene conversion occurduring sister chromatid exchange?Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes?
- On rare occasions, a chromosome can suffer a small deletionthat removes the centromere. When this occurs, the chromosome usually is not found within subsequent daughter cells.Explain why a chromosome without a centromere is not transmitted very efficiently from mother to daughter cells. (Note: Ifa chromosome is located outside the nucleus after telophase, itis degraded.)Colchicine is a chemical mutagen that inhibits the spindle formation and prevents anaphase, which retains the cell’s single restitution nucleus (doubled chromosome number). Suppose that an onion (2n=16) is subjected to three consecutive rounds of colchicine treatment, what will be the resulting chromosome number of the treated onion?The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene ARG8encodes an enzyme that catalyzes a key step in biosynthesis of the amino acid arginine. This protein isnormally synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, butthen is transported into mitochondria, where the enzyme conducts its functions. In 1996, T. D. Fox andhis colleagues constructed a strain of yeast in which agene encoding the Arg8 protein was itself moved intomitochondria, where functional protein could besynthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes.a. How could these investigators move the ARG8gene from the nucleus into the mitochondria, whilepermitting the synthesis of active enzyme? In whatways would the investigators need to alter theARG8 gene to allow it to function in the mitochondria instead of in the nucleus?b. Why might these researchers have wished to movethe ARG8 gene into mitochondria in the firstplace?