Fossils of an extinct giant sloth were found to be similar to a smaller species of sloth presently inhabiting the same region. This similarity could be best explained on the basis of which of the following? * Modern forms have evolved from earlier forms Independent assortment no answer Principle of use and disuse Inheritance of acquired traits Which of the following organisms is most closely related to each other? * MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CODES Organism DNA Codes American black bear ATT GGA GCA GÁC TIA Giant panda ATT GGC AСТ ААТ СТА Red panda АTT GGA AСТ ААС СТ Raccoon АТC GGA TсТ ААС СТ American black bear and giant panda Red panda and raccoon no answer Giant panda and red panda O Raccoon and American black bear

Fossils of an extinct giant sloth were found to be similar to a smaller species of sloth presently inhabiting the same region. This similarity could be best explained on the basis of which of the following? * Modern forms have evolved from earlier forms Independent assortment no answer Principle of use and disuse Inheritance of acquired traits Which of the following organisms is most closely related to each other? * MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CODES Organism DNA Codes American black bear ATT GGA GCA GÁC TIA Giant panda ATT GGC AСТ ААТ СТА Red panda АTT GGA AСТ ААС СТ Raccoon АТC GGA TсТ ААС СТ American black bear and giant panda Red panda and raccoon no answer Giant panda and red panda O Raccoon and American black bear

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates And Their Closest Relatives

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA...

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Knowledge of the genomes of ancient homininsmight help us better understand not only the evolutionaryhistory of hominins, but also the traits that differ between usand our relatives—the traits that make us human. Our understandingof the functions of different genes is growing rapidly,so detailed comparisons of our genes to those present in, say,Neanderthals and Denisovans are very revealing. What do youthink are the functions most likely to be related to the geneticdifferences between us and our hominin relatives?
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?
Michael Bunce and his colleagues in England, Canada, and theUnited States extracted and sequenced mitochondrial DNA from fossilsof Haast’s eagle, a gigantic eagle that was driven to extinction 700 yearsago when humans first arrived in New Zealand (M. Bunce et al. 2005.PLOS Biology 3:44–46). Using mitochondrial DNA sequences fromliving eagle species and those from Haast’s-eagle fossils, they createdthe accompanying phylogenetic tree. On this phylogenetic tree, identify(a) all nodes; (b) one example of a branch; and (c) the outgroup.
Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lin-eages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are sub-ject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucle-otide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure. Can you offer one or more possible explanationsfor the slower rate of evolutionary change in the humanlineage versus the rat lineage?
In studying recent fossils of the genus Homo, such as Cro-Magnon,biologists have determined that modern humans have not undergonemuch biological evolution in the past 50,000 years. Rather, culturalanthropologists argue that cultural evolution has been far moreimportant than biological evolution in the recent history of modernhumans. What do they mean by this? Support your argument withsome examples.
If mutations such as those of the Ubx gene candrastically change morphology in a single step,why do most evolutionary biologists maintainthat modification of existing traits and the evolution of novel characters have generally proceeded by successive small steps?
Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
Full or partial limblessness has evolved many times invertebrates (snakes, lizards, manatees, whales). Do youexpect the mutations that occurred in the evolution oflimblessness to be in the coding or noncoding sequencesof toolkit genes? Why?
. As of this writing in 2016, no Neanderthal-derivedY chromosome nor mitochondrial DNA sequenceshas ever been found in a modern human. Proposetwo alternative explanations.
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