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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
9. Give an example of a negative effect of selective breeding.
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- https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110301_pcbresistantcod (ARTICLE LINK) QUESTIONS: 1. Review the process of natural selection. Use the steps to explain how PCB resistance became so common among tomcod in the Hudson. Be sure to include the terms mutation, fitness, selective pressure, and adaptation in your explanation. 2. In this blog post, the author describes the tomcod as "a quick learner" because of the population's adaptation to PCBs. Is "learning" an accurate way to describe the change in the Hudson River tomcod population? Why or why not? 3. The data shown on the map above support the hypothesis that natural selection for PCB resistance has occurred among tomcod in the Hudson. What sort of evidence regarding gene frequencies in different populations would argue against this hypothesis (i.e., imagine what the scientists would have observed in this study if natural selection on the AHR gene had not occurred among Hudson River tomcod)? 4. Why is it not accurate to…House sparrows (Maya) were introduced to North America in 1852. Since that time thesparrows have evolved different characteristics in different locations. Sparrow populations inthe north are larger-bodied than sparrow populations in the south. This divergence inpopulations is probably at least partly a result of natural selection: larger-bodied birds canoften survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather in the northmay select for larger-bodied birds. What type of evolution based on natural selectionaccounts for this observation? Explain your answer.EVOLUTION LINK Charles Darwin once said, It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. Explain what he meant.
- EVOLUTION LINK Write short paragraphs explaining each of the following statements: (a) Natural selection chooses from among the individuals in a population those most suited to current environmental conditions. It does not guarantee survival under future conditions. (b) Individuals do not evolve, but populations do. (c) The organisms that exist today do so because their ancestors had traits that allowed them and their offspring to thrive. (d) At the molecular level, evolution can take place by the replacement of one nucleotide by another. (e) Evolution is said to have occurred within a population when measurable genetic changes are detected.In _____________, new species of a lineage move into a wide range of habitats by way of bursts of microevolutionary events. a. an adaptive radiation b. natural selection c. genetic drift d. punctuated equilibriumWhich of the following is not true of natural selection? (a) natural selection acts to preserve favorable traits and eliminate unfavorable traits (b) the offspring of individuals that are better adapted to the environment will make up a larger proportion of the next generation (c) natural selection directs the course of evolution by preserving the traits acquired during an individuals lifetime (d) natural selection acts on a populations genetic variability, which arises through mutation (e) natural selection may result in changes in allele frequencies in a population
- Charles Darwin proposed that evolution could be explained by the differential reproductive success of organisms that resulted from their naturally occurring variation. Darwin called this process (a) coevolution (b) convergent evolution (c) natural selection (d) artificial selection (e) homoplasyThe theory of evolution by Darwin is a composite theory, i.e. it has five component theories: 1. Evolution as such is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time 2. Common descent is a radically different view of evolution than the scheme Lamarck proposed. Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. 3. Gradualism – Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms. The alternative to this theory, as discussed in later sections, is saltation with great reference to large differences that are believed to have evolved by leaps without intermediates. 4. Populational change – Darwin’s thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics. 5. Natural selection – Darwin’s…The theory of evolution by Darwin is a composite theory, i.e. it has five component theories: 1. Evolution as such is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time 2. Common descent is a radically different view of evolution than the scheme Lamarck proposed. Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. 3. Gradualism – Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms. The alternative to this theory, as discussed in later sections, is saltation with great reference to large differences that are believed to have evolved by leaps without intermediates. 4. Populational change – Darwin’s thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics. 5. Natural selection – Darwin’s…
- The theory of evolution by Darwin is a composite theory, i.e. it has five component theories: 1. Evolution as such is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time 2. Common descent is a radically different view of evolution than the scheme Lamarck proposed. Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. 3. Gradualism – Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms. The alternative to this theory, as discussed in later sections, is saltation with great reference to large differences that are believed to have evolved by leaps without intermediates. 4. Populational change – Darwin’s thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics. 5. Natural selection – Darwin’s…The theory of evolution by Darwin is a composite theory, i.e. it has five component theories: 1. Evolution as such is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time 2. Common descent is a radically different view of evolution than the scheme Lamarck proposed. Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. 3. Gradualism – Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms. The alternative to this theory, as discussed in later sections, is saltation with great reference to large differences that are believed to have evolved by leaps without intermediates. 4. Populational change – Darwin’s thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics. 5. Natural selection – Darwin’s…The theory of evolution by Darwin is a composite theory, i.e. it has five component theories: 1. Evolution as such is the simple proposition that the characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time 2. Common descent is a radically different view of evolution than the scheme Lamarck proposed. Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. 3. Gradualism – Darwin’s proposition that the differences between even radically different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms. The alternative to this theory, as discussed in later sections, is saltation with great reference to large differences that are believed to have evolved by leaps without intermediates. 4. Populational change – Darwin’s thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics. 5. Natural selection – Darwin’s…