Given the above image, explain where each of these stated operands is stored or located and how we would reference them in an instruction.
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Given the above image, explain where each of these stated operands is stored or located and how we would reference them in an instruction.
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- How does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining more efficient when executing conditional BRANCH instructions?Most Intel CPUs use the __________, in which each memory address is represented by two integers.A(n) ________________ instruction always alters the instruction execution sequence. A(n) ______________ instruction alters the instruction execution sequence only if a specified Condition is true.
- Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?6. Assume that two numbers: dividend and divisor are saved in memory address M1 and M2 respectively. Quotient and remainder should be saved in R1 and R2 respectively. Write assembly language instructions and then list microoperations for each instruction and list the control signals required to be activated for each microoperation. MBR is used as buffer for any register to register transfer operation. Signal Description: Control signals operation Comments C0 MAR to RAM (through address bus) C1 PC to MBR C2 PC to MAR C3 MBR to PC C4 MBR to IR C5 RAM to MBR C6 MBR to ALU C7 Accumulator to ALU C8 IR to MAR C9 ALU to Accumulator C10 MBR to Accumulator C11 Accumulator to MBR C12 MBR to RAM (through data bus) C13 IR to Control Unit C14 MBR to R1 C15 MBR to R2 C16 MBR to R3 C17 MBR to R4…Memory address translation is useful only if the total size of virtual memory (summed over all processes) needs to be larger than physical memory. True or False. Justify your answer.
- Consider a Computer which has a memory which is capable of storing 4096 K words and each word in memory can be of size 32 bits. The computer supports a total of 6 addressingmodes, and it has 60 computer registers. The computer supports instructions, where each instruction consists of following fields: Mode Operation code Register Register Memory AddressGiven that each instruction will be stored in one memory word, discuss with a suitable diagram the format of instruction by specifying number of bits for each field of instruction. Discuss each field of instruction.Consider a 16-bit processor in which the following appears in the main memory, starting at location 200.a. The first part of the first word (content at 200) indicates that this instruction loads a value into an accumulator; the value of 300 in location 201 may be part of the address calculator. The mode field specifies an addressing mode and, if appropriate, indicates a source register. a. Assume that when used, the source register R1, which has a value of 500. b. There is also a base register that contains the value 100, Assume that location 249 contains the value 399, location 250 contains the value 400, and so on. Determine the effective address and the operand to be loaded for the following address modes:Q.1. A computer uses a memory unit with 1024 K words of 32 bits each (as shown in the figure below). A binary instruction code is stored in one word of memory. The instruction has four parts: an indirect bit, an operation code, a register code part to specify one of 64 registers, and an address part (15). How many bits are there in the operation code, the register code part, and the address part? Draw the instruction word format and indicate the number of bits in each part? How many bits are there in the data and address inputs of the memory?
- A microprocessor has an increment memory direct instruction, which adds 1 to the value in a memory location. The instruction has five stages: fetch opcode(four bus clock cycles),fetch operand address (three cycles), fetch operand (three cycles) add 1 to operand (three cycles), and store operand (three cycles). a. By what amount (in percent) will the duration of the instruction increase if we have to insert two bus wait states in each memory read and memory write operation? b. repeat assuming that the increment operation takes 13 cycles instead of 3 cycles1. Assume the memory uses big endian addressing, find the byte stored in 0x20000001 if the address of the memory 0x20000000 contains the value 0x89346710. 2. Assume the memory uses little endian addressing, find the value of r0 after the instruction LDRSB r0, [#0x20000000] if the address of the memory 0x20000000 contains the value 0x893467B0.1. T/F - if (B)=006000 (PC)=003600 (X)=000090, for the machine instruction 0x032026, the target address is 003000.2. T/F – PC register stores the return address for subroutine jump.3. T/F – S register contains a variety of information such as condition code.4. T/F – INPUT WORD 1034 – This means Operating system should reserve 1034 bytes in memory5. T/F - In a two pass assembler, adding literals to literal table and address resolution of local symbol are done using first pass and second pass respectively.