he following graph represents a membrane potential recording in the dark, then during a brief flash of flight at the time indicated by the arrow. This could be a recording from a: a) rod cell b) bipolar cell c) ganglion cell d) any of the above

Q: . Given the following concentrations: K* ICF 140 mM Na* 12 mM 145 mM 120 mM CF 12 mM ECF 3 mM a)…

A: Given; [K+]i = 140 mM [K+]o = 3 mM [Na+]i = 12 mM [Na+]o = 145 mM [Cl-]i = 12 mM [Cl-]o = 120 mM

Q: • Describe the concept of transport maximum (Tm). • Explain the membrane potential and the…

A: The term cell membrane or plasma membrane is associated with a protective layer enveloping the…

Q: hat can scientists learn about ion channels from studying them using the patch-clamp method?

A: Membranes are selectively permeable to certain ions and molecules. Ion channels are the specialized…

Q: At rest, a neuron has a lower concentration of sodium than the surrounding fluid. The neuron also…

A: Sodium- Potassium pump The sodium - potassium pump involves protein called the sodium- potassium…

Q: Consider the following graph of an action potential: 60- 30- membrane potential (mV) O -30- -60 line…

A: Action potential refers to the sudden rise and fall of membrane potential across a cellular membrane…

Q: Define the term voltage-gated ion channels?

A: Ion channels are specialized membrane proteins that allow the passage of ions through the pores…

Q: Describe the five phases of potential action?

A: Answer: Introduction: The production and transmission of action potentials shows a communication in…

Q: Describe the following terms: specificity, stimulus, receptor potential, synapse, neurotransmitter,…

A: Specificity indicates what percentage of those who do not have the condition have a negative result…

Q: gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the…

A: resting  neuron has a certai. voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential.

Q: What is action potential propagation?

A: The neuron can be defined as a basic working unit of the brain and the specialized cell designed to…

Q: Graph an action potential, showing the change inelectrical potential on the y-axis and time on the…

A: Neurons communicate with each other and with the controlled organs by passing an electric current…

Q: What is equilibrium potential? Explain with an example?

A: Equilibrium potential is the state of the cell when there is no charge difference inside and outside…

Q: What is the threshold potential?

A: The difference in electrical potential between the exterior and interior of a biological cell is…

Q: A hypothetical cation has a Nernst potential of -30 mV. At 0 mV, the cation flows in which…

A: The Nernst equation is used to determine the equilibrium potential of ions based on their charge and…

Q: Which of the following statements about voltage gated channels is true? Voltage-gated…

A: The action potential generates when a rapid rise and a subsequent fall in membrane potential occurs…

Q: ou observe that a neuron treated with a metabolic inhibitor which prevents ATP generation still can…

A: Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. The lipid bilayer is selectively permeable and is…

Q: Define the term mechanically gated ion channels?

A: Ion channels are formed by multiple individual protein that makes a path for charged ions from…

Q: In an experiment, the extracellular [Na+] surrounding a nerve cell was reduced from 145 to 45 mM.…

A: In the presence and absence of an impulse, the nerve cells exist in two states known as action…

Q: An action potential is shown below. At 1 what point in the graph are there lots of sodium ion…

A: Action potentials are a temporary shift (from negative to positive) in the neuron’s membrane…

Q: In a resting neuron, which of the forces listed below will act to push sodium (Na+) ions into the…

A: Action potential generates when the neurons want to pass the information along the body from its…

Q: List three ways in which action potentials can be initiated in neurons?

A: Neurons are a type of cell that is solely responsible for the transmission of information across the…

Q: Explain the forces that produce the resting membrane potential?

A: The resting membrane potential The resting membrane potential is defined with respect to the cell…

Q: Let's say you have neurons in a petrie dish bath in a solution in which the extracellular K+…

A: Membrane potential(Vm) is defined as the potential created due to the difference in the electric…

Q: Define the term neuromodulators?

A: Neurons are the cells of the nervous system that conduct nerve impulses.

Q: WHat are ligand-gated ion channels?

A: The cell membrane regulates the flow of materials into and out of cells and organelles. the cell…

Q: Define the following terms: a. depolarization b. repolarization c. passive transport d. active…

A: The plasma membrane in eukaryotes is made up of phospholipids, embedded with ion channels and…

Q: Differentiate between ligand - gated and voltage-gated channels.

A: The transportation of molecules across the plasma membrane is carried out with the help of…

Q: What kinds of changes in ion conductance may be expected in an action potential? And how do ion…

A: An action potential takes place if the membrane potential of a particular cell location rises and…

Q: An analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod…

A: CGMP opens cation-selective channels when applied to the cytoplasmic side of excised patches of…

Q: Which of the following situations is correct for a neuron at its resting membrane potential? The…

A: Option 4 is the answer. K+ is high inside and Na+ , Cl- are high outside.

Q: Which of the following statements is false regarding the directions that forces of the…

A: The polarised neuron is called resting potential.

Q: Explain the following; If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how…

A: Potassium channels are most widely distributed ionic pores present in the living organisms. These…

Q: What structures and functions are the same in chemically-gated and voltage-gated?

A: Ion channels are pore made up of specialized protein that helps to move the charged ions across the…

Q: If the C- concentration outside of cells is 10 mM and inside of cells is 10 mM, what would the…

A: The voltage differential across the cell membrane at rest (no signaling) is referred to as resting…

Q: The primary difference between an EPSP and an IPSP is the a) overall speed b) degree of effect c)…

A: EPSP = Excitatory postsynaptic potential.  IPSP = Inhibitory postsynaptic potential .   EPSP…

Q: Give one biological example dealing with electric potential.

A: Electric potential: - It is the energy  used for the movement of a unit electric charge from a…

Q: Can depolarizing or hyperpolarizing vary in size?

A: Depolarization is also known as hypopolarization. In depolarization, the negative charge of the cell…

Q: Name the three phases of an action potential. Describe for each the underlying molecular basis and…

A: An action potential is defined as the difference in neuron potential that occurs as a result of…

Q: At rest, a neuron has a lower concentration of sodium than the surrounding fluid. The neuron also…

A: Sodium- Potassium pump  The sodium - potassium pump involves protein called the sodium- potassium…

Q: The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle cell is quite small, but there are many species of…

A: An action potential was generated by the surface of posterior innervated, when a motor neuron…

Q: While the inactivation gate is closed and the activation gate is open, sodium channels are_____.

A: The cell membrane comprised of different ion channels, which get open and closed on the basis of…

Q: Define the following terms: a. Resting membrane potential b. Graded membrane potential c. Action…

A: The nervous system is a complex system of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons. Neurons are…

Q: If a particular neuron has an intracellular Chloride concentration of 154.3 mM, an extracellular…

A: Nernst equation helps in calculation of equilibrium potencial for an ion based on its charge and…

Q: Define the term action potentials?

A: Conducting and contracting cells in our body use action potential as a mechanism for transfer of…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.