Heat is being generated in a fuel element at a volumetric heat generation rate of q′′′ = 1300 kW/m3. The fuel element is a rectangular parallelepiped of thickness 2 cm with a height of 2 m and width of 1 m. The fuel thermal conductivity is k = 3.5 W/m·C. Find the rate of heat transfer from the fuel element at steady state condition. [Ans.: 52 kW].
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Heat is being generated in a fuel element at a volumetric heat generation rate of q′′′ = 1300 kW/m3. The fuel element is a rectangular parallelepiped of thickness 2 cm with a height of 2 m and width of 1 m. The fuel thermal conductivity is k = 3.5 W/m·C. Find the rate of heat transfer from the fuel element at steady state condition. [Ans.: 52 kW].
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- Suppose city 1 leaves an entire block (100 mm ×× 100 mm) as a park with trees and grass (emissivity 0.96) while city 2 paves the same area over with asphalt (emissivity 1.0). Sunlight heats each surface to 41.5 ∘C∘C by sunset, and then the surface radiates its heat into a cube of air 100 mm on a side and at 30.0 ∘C∘C. If each city block maintains the same radiated power for 2.1 hh and there are no other energy losses, what is the final temperature of the cube of air above the block in city 1? The density of air at 30.0 ∘C∘C is 1.16 kg/m3kg/m3. Express your answer to three significant figures and include appropriate units. If each city block maintains the same radiated power for 2.1 hh and there are no other energy losses, what is the final temperature of the cube of air above the block in city 2? The density of air at 30.0 ∘C∘C is 1.16 kg/m3kg/m3. Express your answer to three significant figures and include appropriate units.number 1 A food product containing 80% moisture content is being frozen. Estimate the specific heat of the product at -8 ° C when 80% of the water is frozen. The specific heat of the dry product is 2 kJ / (kg ° C). It is assumed that the specific heat of water at -10 ° C is the same as the specific heat of water at 0 ° C, and that the specific heat of ice follows the function Cp es = 0.0062 T Frozen + 2.0649. Cp of frozen product = kJ / kg ° C.Two thermal reservoirs are connected by a solid copper bar. The bar is 2 m long, and the temperatures of the reservoirs are 80.0∘C and 20.0∘C. a) Suppose that the bar has a constant rectangular cross section, 10 cm on a side. What is the rate of heat flow through the bar? b) Suppose the bar has a rectangular cross section that gradually widens from the colder reservoir to the warmer reservoir. The area A is determined by A=(0.01m^2)[1.0+x/2.0m] , where x is the distance along the bar from the colder reservoir to the warmer one. Find the rate of heat flow and the rate of change of temperature with distance at the colder end, at the warmer end, and at the middle of the bar.
- number 1 A food product containing 75% moisture content is being frozen. Estimate the specific heat of the product at -10° C when 85% of the water is frozen. The specific heat of the dry product is 2 kJ / (kg ° C). It is assumed that the specific heat of water at -10 ° C is the same as the specific heat of water at 0 ° C, and that the specific heat of ice follows the function Cp es = 0.0062 T Frozen + 2.0649. Cp of frozen product = kJ / kg ° C.HEAT TRANSFER A flat plate of length 0.3 m is maintained at a temperature of 42C. A stream of water (Pr = 6.62, = 961×10-9 m2 /s, k = 0.606 W/m·K) at 22C and 2.5 m/s flows across the top surface of the plate lengthwise. Under steady state, calculate: (a) The heat flux leaving the mid-length of the plate. (b) The average heat loss per unit width of the plate to the flowing water.****I hope that the solution is written on the computer and not written so that I can transfer it and understand it more quickly A composite wall of a refrigerator consists of three different materials; A, B, and C. Two of the used materials have known thermal conductivity, kA = 30 W/m. K and kC=45 W/m. K, and known thickness, LA=0.20 m and LC = 0.15 m. The third material, B, which is sandwiched between materials A and C, is of known thickness, LB = 0.15 m, but unknown thermal conductivity kB. Under steady-state operating conditions, measurements reveal an outer surface temperature of Ts,o = 20°C, an inner surface temperature of Ts,i = 600°C, and a refrigerator air temperature of T∞ = 800°C. The inside convection coefficient h is known to be 25 W/m2.K. (a) First, draw the thermal circuit for this wall. (b) What is the value of thermal conductivity for material B?
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- Geochemical Box Models - please use same terminology found in question Consider an element X exchanging between two geochemical reservoirs A and B. Let MA and MB be the masses of X in reservoirs A and B, respectively; let tA and tB be the residence times of X in reservoirs A and B, respectively. Further let M = MA + MB be the total mass of X in the two reservoirs combined. Consider a situation where additional mass M' is injected into reservoir A at time t=0 increasing the total amount of element X in the system from M0 to M1, with no further injection at later times; further assume that tA >> tB, that the total mass in the altered system is M1 = M0 + M', and that M0 << M'. Give an expression for MB(t) as a function of M1, tA, tB, and t. What is the characteristic time for MB to approach steady state? What is the characteristic time for MA to approach steady state?Assume the following: ●In a light water reactor, approximately 1.0kg of spent nuclear fuel is produced for every50. megawatt-days (MWd) of thermal energy input. ●For the purposes of this analysis, assume the spent nuclear fuel produced is 1.8% Pu-240by mass. Pu-240 has a half-life of 6,430 years. ●The thermal efficiency of the power plant is 38% ●Use equation for radioactive decay: Qt= Q0^e-kt where: ○Qt = quantity of radioactive material at time t ○Q0 = original quantity of radioactive material ○k = the decay constant ○t = time interval in years ○The decay constant k is defined by the relation: Half life = ln(2)/k Diablo Canyon stores 95% of its spent nuclear fuel onsite. ii) How many metric tons of Pu-240 in the spent fuel will still be onsite in that year?Steam is being transported in a pipe at a chemical production facility in Gebze, Kocaeli. Theouter diameter of the pipe is 8 cm, and the surrounding air temperature is 20 °C. On the surface of thepipe, the combined heat transfer coefficient is 35 W/m2*K. The surface temperature of the pipe is 150 °C.Steady-state conditions exist.(a) What is the rate of heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings?(b) The power used to generate the steam is obtained from natural gas. Perform an online search forapproximate values of the calorific value of natural gas, as well as the cost of natural gas per cubicmeter, and estimate the financial loss due to heat loss from this steam pipe within a period of oneyear. Indicate your sources clearly in your answer.