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- As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?It is customary to differentiate male and female genders in terms of typical features that include chromosomal gender (XX for girls, and XY for boys); ovaries and clitoris in women, testes and penis in males; and testosterone active role in masculinization, and its absence in feminization. Nevertheless, there are some situations where the person is known to have an intersex condition in which visible genitals do not reflect his or her real gender. Describe two syndromes that embody this intersex condition in an APA essay.If a gonadal female is exposed to high levels of androgens in utero (e.g., from excessive production by the adrenal cortex) when the external genitalia are differentiating, then a male phenotype results. Group of answer choices True False
- which genetic disorder fits below description 47 chromosome; XXY karyotype. Affected individuals have low levels of testosterone, enlarged breasts, small testicles, and are phenotypically male. 47 chromosomes; XXY karyotype. These males appear to be normal although some display slight differences in their EEG patterns. 45 chromosomes; XO karyotpe. These individuals are phenotypically female but have streak ovaries and no ova are prduces and they do not menstruate. This is the only survivable disorder involving a chromosome number less than 46.State the probability of a male child being affected and ofa female child being affected if the mother carries a genefor a sex-linked recessive disorder. What if it is the fatherwho carries the gene?true or false: nondisjunction during meiosis is the cause of down syndrome. 
- It has been suggested that looking for the presence of the SRY gene would be a better way of determining whether she is “male” or “female”. Is this accurate? Please explain. Also, does she possess ovaries? Testes? Both? Neither?Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that involve muscle m weakness and loss of muscle tissue that get worse overtime. A homozygous normal female has children with a male who has muscular dystrophy. What is the probability that they will have a child who is both MALE and HAS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY?• Vickie Greene is a 31-year-oldAfrican-American woman who presents with her husband Eric(age33) to the endocrinology clinic after being referred by her OB-GYN based on the results of some recent blood work. The Greenes have been trying to have a baby for almost 2 years, without Vickie becoming pregnant. The infertility workup done by the OB-GYN showed that Eric had a normal sperm count and sperm motility, and that Vickie had no anatomical abnormalities of her reproductive tract and no evidence of endometriosis. Vickie’s serum sex hormone and gonadotropin levels were all normal. The couple is contemplating in vitro fertilization but wants to make sure that there are no hormone-related causes of her infertility. Vickie says that for the past few months she has felt increasingly fatigued, which she attributes to the stress of her unsuccessful attempts to become pregnant. She wonders if she is becoming depressed. She also notes that for the past few months, she has had more difficulty…
- A discussion of hormonal and physical changes required for gametes to be produced and released using the anatomic featuresWhich of the following disorders arises from translocation events? Huntington’s disease Burkitt lymphoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy InfertilityDiscuss whether the following individuals (1) have male or female gonads, (2) are phenotypically male or female (Wolffian or Muellerian ducts. External genitalia) and (3) are sterile or fertile. a) XY, homozygous for a recessive mutation in the testosterone biosynthetic pathway, producing no testosterone b) XX, heterozygous for a dominant mutation in the testosterone biosynthetic pathway, which causes continuous production of testosterone