How can epistasis explain incomplete penetrance?

Q: What is a varicosity

A: Varicosity is a dilated vein that mostly develops in legs.  The role of our veins is  to carry blood…

Q: What environmental factors may increase incidence of chromosomal abnormalities? Name at least three.

A: Chromosomal abnormalities or aberration is defined as the defect in the structure or the number…

Q: What are Extrachromosomal elements?

A: Chromosomes are thread-like structure, which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and…

Q: Define trisomy 16.

A: Chromosome disorders are non-inheritable abnormalities in which individuals possess either extra or…

Q: What are the types of aneuploidy?

A: Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each…

Q: Explain complete and incomplete penetrance and give an example

A: Penetrance is basically the probability of the gene or the trait of being expressed. Despite the…

Q: What is complete dominance?

A: Complete dominance: usually in maximum cases the diploid organisms carry 2 alleles of a gene. When…

Q: Which is the type ofgamete produced by aheterozygous individual?What is the genotypicalproportion of…

A: Alleles are the two-contrasting form of genes. They are pairs of genes on a chromosome that…

Q: what is Nullisomy?

A: Each cell in the body contains the 23 pairs of chromosome or total of 46 chromosome, half of which…

Q: describe the Major Classes of ChromosomalRearrangements

A: Chromosomal rearrangements are the mutations in the chromosomes that alter the structures of…

Q: What is Prenatal genetic diagnosis ?

A: Prenatal diagnosis involves non-invasive and invasive techniques. The non-invasive technique…

Q: What are the effects of aneuploidy?

A: Aneuploidy refers to losses or gains of individual chromosomes from the normal set of chromosomes.…

Q: What is a chromosomal island and how can one be identified asbeing of foreign origin?

A: The term chromosomal island is generally used in microbiology with regard to the bacteria. The…

Q: What is mitochondrial inheritance?

A: Mitochondria are a type of an organelle present in a cell. It is primarily responsible for the…

Q: What is Codominance inheritance?

A: The genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, genetic variation and…

Q: How is Down syndrome caused?

A: Human genetic disorders are caused due to the absence or excess or abnormal arrangement of one or…

Q: Explain the Syndromes from AbnormalChromosome Numbers ?

A: Chromosomes are thread-like structures present inside the nucleus of the cell. They are made up of…

Q: What is extranuclear inheritance? Describe three examples

A: DNA is the genetic material found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. DNA is double stranded…

Q: What are the periods of the first meiotic division?

A: Meiosis could be divided as meiosis-I and meiosis-II. Meiosis-I is the reduction division and…

Q: What is polyembryony?

A: An embryo is defined as the early developmental stage of eukaryotic organisms following the…

Q: How to reduce chromosomal abnormalities?

A: Chromosomal abnormalities can be structural or numerical. A structural chromosomal abnormality means…

Q: What causes nondisjunction?

A: Chromosome is the package of densely packed chromatin fibres with DNA and histone proteins. In…

Q: Do the genes of the X and Ychromosomes determine onlysex characteristics?

A: The human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. The first twenty three pairs of chromosomes are the…

Q: What is Trisomy test?

A: The chromosomes are the thread like structure that contains hereditary information in the form of…

Q: What are the side effects of Irregularities in the process of chromosome formation or fetal…

A: Mutations are sudden changes that are inheritable and can contribute to a permanent change in the…

Q: What are polygenic inheritence?

A: Gene is a particular nucleotide sequences in RNA or DNA. It is generally located on a chromosome.…

Q: What is the cause of Down syndrome?

A: A mutation denotes the manipulation of sequence of the genetic material of a living organism that is…

Q: How does a chromosomal duplication occur?

A: When a part of chromosome is present in two copies or duplicated, it is known as duplication. This…

Q: What is the cause of aneuploidy?

A: Chromosomes are long thread-like structures that carry coded genetic information in the form of DNA.…

Q: How is it that genetic abnormalities that include an extra Y chromosome do not have a severe…

A: Genetically all human males normally have a XY chromosome whereas the females have a XX pair. They…

Q: What is the meaning of term haploinsufficiency?

A: The gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of…

Q: Why does a single X chromosome cause infertility and other abnormalities in Turner Syndrome…

A: Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder that mostly affects females. The clinical features of…

Q: What is double fertilizaton?

A: Angiosperms are flowering plants and also considered as a diverse group of terrestrial plants.

Q: What chromosome is associated with autism?

A: Autism is a condition that appears at an early age of childhood. The person who suffers from autism…

Q: What are chromosomal islands? Why are theyconsidered to be of foreign origin?

A: Chromosomes are long thread-like structures that carry coded genetic information in the form of DNA.…

Q: Is there a difference between maternal effect and cytoplasmic inheritance?

A: Inheritance is the process by which this genetic information present in the genes is passed on from…

Q: Is the inheritance autosomal or sex-linked?

A: The genes are located on the specific region of the DNA. Genes determine the phenotypic…

Q: whar are the meiotic events that could lead to the birth of an individual with either Patau syndrome…

A: The meiotic events causing Patau syndrome, or Turner syndrome in an individual. Introduction: Patau…

Q: What some ways that incomplete penetrance can occur? Give at least two possible ways on why it…

A: Penetrance refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic change (such as a mutation…

Q: How do the four cells at the end of meiosis differ from the original mother cell?

A: Meiosis is a process in which four cells containing half the original amount of genetic material are…

Q: What are the possible effects of chromosomal mutations?

A: Malfunctioning of the kinetochore can lead to a chromosomal abnormality that is known as…

Q: Explain the extranuclear inheritance ?

A: Non-mendelian inheritance is a type of inheritance in which a trait was transmitted from parent to…

Q: In general what is thecause of the aneuploidies?

A: Aneuploid cells have an irregular chromosome count. Because each chromosome comprises hundreds of…

Q: What is the divisome?

A: DIVISOME--Definition--It is defined as a complex proteins molecule in bacteria that is responsible…

Q: What is uniparental disomy and how does it arise?

A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…

Q: What is the purpose of Barr bodies?

A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…

Q: Does a PP individual produce more of the protein encodedby the P gene than is necessary for the…

A: When a gene interferes with the expression of another gene that means the expression of one gene is…

Sleep Physiology

Sleep is a condition of reduced muscle movement in the body. Awareness about the surroundings is reduced at the time of sleep. The body stays mildly responsive or non-responsive to external stimuli. The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the circadian rhythm that produces a resting phase for the body.