How do stones in the lower urinary tract present clinically?

Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques 6E
6th Edition
ISBN:9781133893943
Author:ESTRIDGE
Publisher:ESTRIDGE
Chapter5: Urinalysis
Section5.2: Urine Collection And Processing
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How do stones in the lower urinary tract present clinically?

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Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and can cause pain, bleeding, infection, and urinary obstruction. Adults in their middle and later years are more likely to develop kidney stones. Stones range in size from too small to see with the naked eye to one inch (2.5 cm) in diameter or more. The stone, which is referred to as a staghorn because of its multiple projections that resemble deer antlers, can cover practically the whole renal pelvis (the kidney's central collecting chamber) and the tubes that drain into it (calyces).

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