How does antigenic variation help pathogen evade a host's defenses?

Q: What is immunocompetence, and which body cells display it?

A: The human body has evolved a specialized system to fight foreign particles (bacteria, virus)…

Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…

A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…

Q: What Are the Key Components of the Adaptive Immune System?

A: The adaptive immune system is a component of the immune system that is composed of extensive,…

Q: What is the difference between natural and acquired immunity?

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease causing organisms.   Everyday…

Q: In what ways does the complement system augment antibody-mediated immune responses?

A: The interaction between the complement system and antibody mediated immune responses results in an…

Q: How can we describe the behavior of the immune system when it is beingattacked by a parasite?

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to fight against infections caused by a…

Q: How Do Nonspecific Defenses Function?

A: Answer - Nonspecific Defenses include all the chemical or physical barriers of innate immune system.…

Q: What is the difference between an antigen and a hapten?

A: Difference between Antigen and Hapten : Antigen : A toxin or other foreign substance which induces…

Q: Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?

A: Defense mechanism in a human body is divided into two main categories: Innate (the defense mechanism…

Q: How does adaptive immunity differ from nonspecific defense?

A: Immunity can be described as a complicated biological system that can identify and tolerate the self…

Q: what is the difference between  antigens and haptens

A: The general ability of the body to recognize, neutralize, and eliminate foreign substances is called…

Q: Why are the immunities involving T cells called cell-mediated?

A: There are two types of acquired immune response namely,(a) Antibody mediated response(b) Cell…

Q: What are the cells that provide adaptive immunity?

A: Blood is fluid connective tissue with plasma which is fluid matrix and it has no fibres. Red blood…

Q: What are some examples of innate defense mechanisms that are chemical in nature? What is complement?

A: The immune system is complex and is made up of few organs and a broad network of cells and proteins…

Q: s take place during an inflammatory reaction, and how do they contribute to pathogen destruction?

A: The immune system's main and significant system of the body efficiently protects the body from…

Q: How does the innate immune system work together with the adaptive?

A: Innate immune response are also known as the first line of defense against the incoming pathogens.…

Q: What does the white bloodcell do after learning about the antigens of a pathogen?

A: White blood cells also called lymphocytes defends human body from diseases. It accounts only 1…

Q: What are the listthe host immune defenses that the microbe would have to overcome to be successful…

A: The first line of defense is broad and aims to keep microbes out of the body. The skin and mucous…

Q: Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial infection slower thanthe innate response?

A: Natural immunity is called innate immunity that is present in all animals. It is the primary defense…

Q: How do cytokine barriers provide innate immunity in humans ?

A: Cytokine is a term used for any low molecular weight soluble protein or glycoprotein released by one…

Q: What are some factors that trigger the complement cascade?

A: The complement cascade is a system of proteins that accounts for intensifying the antibody’s ability…

Q: How do Cytotoxic T cells "kill" infected cells?

A: Lymphocytes are a kind of white blood cells that are major immune cells in the body. Lymphocytes are…

Q: What is the role of the primary lymphoid organ in adaptive immunity?

A: The body has special organs and mechanisms that aid in the defense against infection-causing agents;…

Q: How do foreignness, size, and complexity contribute to antigenicity?

A: An antigen can be defined as a foreign substance or a toxic material that stimulates an immune…

Q: What is the major role of dendritic cells in the host immune response?

A: Whenever an antigen in enter our body then it leads to the elicitation of the immune system of the…

Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?

A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…

Q: Can you explain the passive and active immunities?

A: The ability of the body to protect itself from foreign bodies, like, bacteria, toxic substances, and…

Q: What is immunisation?

A: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes…

Q: What is active immunty?

A: The science which involves the study of immune system is termed as immunology.

Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?

A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…

Q: How do the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system provide defenses against invading…

A: INTRODUCTION The body's most fundamental and nonspecific defense mechanism is physical defense.…

Q: What is the difference between nonspecific host defenses and immuneresponses?

A: The immune system is one of the defined organ systems of the body that serves the function of…

Q: How Does the Immune System Respond to a Changing Pathogen?

A: The antigen is a foreign material, such as a toxin, bacteria, or virus, that, when invading the…

Q: How does the defence system avoid attacking self-antigens?

A: INTRODUCTION Immune system This is a system including some processes and organs that helps us to…

Q: How do cytokine barrier provide inmate immunity in humans ?

A: The human immune system is divided into two main branches, namely the body's first defense…

Q: Some pathogens invade cells; others invade tissue spaces. Explain how innate responses differ for…

A: The immune system of the body is accountable for possessing two types of response which are innate…

Q: How does humoral immune system works when our body is infected?

A: The human body is a machine that works in a coordinated way with each system having a specific task…

Q: What factors influence the body’s resistance to infection?

A: The body's resistance to infection includes the ability of the body to fight against the infection.…

Q: What is the importance of the complement system in immunity?

A: The importance of the complement system in immunity.

Q: What is Herd Immunity and what is its Immunological and public health significance?

A: Introduction :- Here immunity is a type of immunity . Herd immunity is seen when a large part of the…

Q: how does antibodies eliminate large pathogens

A: The antibodies are immunoglobulins synthesized by B-cells and secreted to clear pathogens. They…

Q: How do activated B cells fight a current infection?

A: B cells / B lymphocytes are originated and matured in the bone marrow and then circulated…

Q: what are pathogen?

A: The microorganisms on the earth exist in different forms, shapes, sizes, and in a diverse range of…

Q: What major events occur during an inflammatory reaction, and how do they contribute to pathogen…

A: The inflammatory response, or inflammation, is initiated by a cascade of chemical mediators and…