I. What are specific ways to avoid antibiotic resistance? II. What is superbugs and how does it occur? III. What is the difference of TB, PTB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
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- I. What is the difference of TB, PTB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB? II. What is superbugs and how does it occur? III. What are specific ways to avoid antibiotic resistance?I. What is the difference of TB, PTB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB?Consider the following ten diseasesPoliomyelitis, Tuberculosis, pertussis,measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Haemophilia influenza disease, meningococcal disease, pneumococcal disease, Yellow fever, COVID- 19. In a tabular form indicate1. The causative agent of each disease2. Type of vaccine (the vaccine and it's antigen)3. Who should normally receive /target population4. Vaccination administration route and site
- 1. What are the six components of the chain of infection? How does each component affect the cycle of the chain of infection? 2. Give a short list of the different ways on how to transmit a certain disease. Provide an example for each. 3. Why do you think proper handwashing is extremely important? 4. How are hazardous materials classified? What is NFPA and its functions?4. A 30 year old man has weight loss, and intermittent low-grade fevers with night sweats for the past 3 months. Sputum smears are positive for acid-fast bacteria. An x-ray of the chest shows infiltrates in the upper lung fields and hilar adenopathy. Which of the following is most likely responsible for formation of the lesions? (A) Anaphylactic hypersensitivity (B) Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (C) Autoimmune reactivity (D) Immune complex formation (E) T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity1. Explain why pathogens need to attach to host cells. 2. Describe various microbial attachment techniques. 3. Describe the 5 steps involved in establishing infection. 4. Explain the modes of action for staphylococcal alpha toxin, cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin, and anthrax toxin. 5. Differentiate endotoxin from exotoxin. 6. Describe secretion systems used to export exotoxins/effector proteins. 7. Discuss the three main ways intracellular pathogens avoid intracellular destruction. 8. Describe various strategies pathogens use to avoid the immune system. 9. Describe mechanisms used by Listeria and Salmonella to establish infection in the host cell
- - Section 12 Hom 93 of 145 در ∞ 93. A 16-year-old boy with sickle cell disease comes to the physician because of a 6-hour history of a persistent, paintu penile eraction. He says that the word stimulation. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this condition? A) Hyperactivity of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles CB) Hyperactivity of the parasympathetic cavernous innervation OC) Occlusion of arteriovenous anastomoses that bypass the corpora cavernosa OD) Occlusion of venous channels in the corpora cavernosa E) Response to ischemia secondary to arteriolar occlusion1. Name TWO antibiotics that are commonly found to cause superinfection. 2. What are the intended purposes for the two antibiotics you listed above? 3. Name ONE treatment for the superinfection caused by the above antibiotics.We have to isolate hemagglutinative virus from nasopharynx of 9 years old boy. 1.What is a cheap sensitive system can we use? Characterize the steps of a given sensitive system using. What kind of test can be used to detect the virus in this sensitive system?
- . . . . Why is HIV not transmitted from an infected individual to an uninfected individual by a mosquito bite? What is a difference between pathogenicity and virulence? Explain what an LDso value is. What are the five stages of acute infection? When do normal signs and symptoms occur? What are sequelae?1.What is the purpose of priming?2. Typically how much volume (ml) of saline is needed for the priming?27. After experiencing recurrent bacterial infections, you diagnose your patient, Mrs. Watts, with non immune mediated neutropenia. So which of the following would you prescribe to treat her condition (the bacterial infection)? (Please note: she is in generally good health and please think about the possible side effects of your medications.) a. tetracycline - antibiotic colors teeth b. streptomycin c. staphylococcal enterotoxin B d. cyclosporine e. diflucan not ble antifungal # 28. Which of the following diuretics would you NOT prescribe by mouth? a. Spironolactone you can b. Lasix Aq | | 1 12 c. Microzide dMannitol - decrease ICP, e. Methazolamide 29. Your patient has been experiencing nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting). So therefore, which of the following drugs/products would you give him/her to help prevent the nocturnal enuresis? (Hint: ADH) a. aspirin b. methocinnamox c. foscarnet d. lithium mental issues e. beer tarken by ICP, taken by IV, don't m a. low potassium levels b. high…