Which of these statements about tularemia is false?a) It can be contracted from muskrats and bobcats.b) Biting insects and ticks can transmit the disease.c) The causative organism has growth requirements similar to those of E. coli.d) A steep-walled ulcer at the site of entry of the bacteria andenlargement of nearby lymph nodes is characteristic.e) It can be treated effectively with antibiotics.

Q: Why does Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct macrophages to engulf them?

A: Tuberculosis (TB) is an opportunistic infectious disease caused by the bacteria "Mycobacterium…

Q: In the United States, where is Lyme disease most prevalent?

A: Introduction  Lyme disease is commonly caused by bacterium Borrelia. It is an infectious disease…

Q: Why is it clinically important to distinguish S. pneumoniae from otherα-hemolytic streptococci?

A: S. pneumoniae:        Streptococus pneumonia (pneumococcus) is a gram positive bacteria, which is…

Q: Which streptococcal disease is most prevalent? Why do you think this is the case?

A: In humans, streptococcal diseases primarily arise in the airway, bloodstream, or skin infections.…

Q: What are the signs of Hashimoto’s disease? How can it be cured?

A: Hashimoto's disease is a condition where your immune framework attacks and damages your thyroid, a…

Q: What is the virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A: Virulence factors are specific molecules of pathogenic organisms that cause the invasion against the…

Q: What is the difference of cytotoxin and enterotoxin of Salmonella typhi?

A: A cytotoxin is defined as “a poison that damages cells”. Cytotoxins can be either chemical or…

Q: What is tuberculosis? How is the disease transmitted? Is there treatment for tuberculosis?

A: Tuberculosis:  A contagious infectious bacterial disease having its main target area as the lungs.…

Q: What does Neisseria gonorrhoeae do to the body?

A: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitides are the two significant pathogens of the genus Neisseria. N.…

Q: What are virulence factors?

A: Pathogens are the disease causing organisms which enters body and escapes the host immune system.…

Q: Explain how the body (including cells, organs, organ systems) is affected by the bacteria Neisseria…

A: The gram-negative bacteria which cause the disease meningitis is called Neisseria meningitides. The…

Q: Define pannexins,

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. Based on the number of cells an organism may be unicellular…

Q: What is indicated by occult blood in the stool of a personwith gastroenteritis?

A: Gastroenteritis is a condition, which leads to inflammation in the intestines of the GI tract. The…

Q: For each of the following antibiotics, give the spectrum, primary effect and briefly explain the…

A: Antibiotics are the biochemical compounds mostly obtained from fungi which target prokaryotic cells…

Q: What is the causative agent of Lyme disease and how is it transmitted to humans? What preventative…

A: Lyme disease comes under the category of infectious diseases and is caused by the bacteria Borrelia…

Q: How would adequate ventilation help to prevent the spread of streptococcal infections?

A: The streptococci are the gram positive organisms which causes throat and nose infections.

Q: What virulence factor, present in Streptococcuspneumoniae but absent from Salmonella enterica,…

A: A disease is a state of unhealthiness of the physical body, mind and social interaction. A disease…

Q: Which microorganism is used to produce hepatitis B Vaccine?

A: Vaccines are a type of biological preparations that provides the host organism with artificial…

Q: What major virulence factors are produced by Salmonella?

A: The ability of the pathogen to multiply within the host or the degree of pathology caused by the…

Q: What activities would be associated with an increased risk ofHistoplasma capsulatum infection?

A: Histoplasmosis is a kind of lung infection and is caused by inhalation of fungus spores of…

Q: Why is brucellosis a threat to big-game hunters?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  DISEASE It is basically the illness of the body. This affects our bodily…

Q: What do you understand by keryochorisis?

A: One of the life processes exhibited by cells is their ability to divide to produce new daughter…

Q: What are the most characteristic symptoms of diphtheria and why was this disease so deadly prior to…

A: Corynebacterium diphtheria, a bacterium is the causative organism of the deadly disease diphtheria.…

Q: Why is it difficult for the colon to reestablish a beneficial flora after several antibiotic…

A: Each person has a unique microbiota. This microbiota results from genetic inheritance and…

Q: What is Escherichia coli infection?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: what is the media for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacteria that cause infection related to the lungs. they…

Q: What is cause of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans ?

A: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is defined as a rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative, and fatal…

Q: What is the World Health Organization recommendation for the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever after a…

A: Rheumatic fever:A illness that can develop as a result of strep throat or scarlet fever that has…

Q: Which body cells or tissues are affected by hemolysins, leukocidins,hyaluronidase, kinases, tetanus…

A: The human body is a well built machine in which all the organs coordinate together to make it work.…

Q: What vaccines are available to prevent viral hepatitis?

A: Introduction Hepatitis virus as the name suggests affects the liver, Hepatocytes, and itis means…

Q: What is arterial plaque? Why is it desirable to have a high HDL value and a relatively low LDL…

A: Cholesterol are wax like compounds. They are present in the whole body. This is required for many…

Q: What features distinguish urticarial lesions?

A: Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by itchy, red welts on the surface…

Q: How Liquefactive necrosis can generate disease ?  please Explain at your own words

A: Necrosis refers to the unprogrammed, premature death of cells in living tissue (autolysis) due to…

Q: Which of the following is the most infectious?

A: Answer -  Shigella is the most infectious among all others.

Q: What is yellow fever?

A: The disease is defined as any interference with the normal functioning of the body functions. The…

Q: Polio is caused by whom?

A: Microorganisms are small microscopic living organisms that are so small that they cannot be seen…

Q: How toxin mechanism causes the result from exposure to the toxin?

A: Toxin : The naturally found organic poison synthesized via metabolic activities of the living…

Q: Is Catalase is a virulence factor?

A: Catalase is a compound which is present in the liver that separates harmful hydrogen peroxide into…

Q: What is the difference between C. diphtheriae infection andtoxemia?

A: Answer: Introduction: Diphtheria is a serious nose infection caused by strains of bacterial toxin…

Q: When is Pneumocystis pneumonia likely to occur in humans?

A: The infection Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) causes inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs.…

Q: How serious is Haemophilus influenzae?

A: A  Gram-negative, coccobacillus, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are pathogenic in nature is…

Q: which pathogen is the most virulent?

A: ID50 measures the minimum size of population of infection causing agents required to initiate and…

Q: what are the immunologic/serologic manifestations of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A: Streptococcus toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition in which the entire organ system collapses,…

Q: what are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A: Antibiotic resistance occurs when the microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can stop the drugs…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.