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- Why is the secondary immune response so much stronger than theprimary response?a. Because high concentrations of antibodies are already presentb. Because the phagocytes present the antigens more rapidlyc. Because memory B cells can rapidly convert to plasma cellsd. Because protein synthesis occurs more quickly in memory cellsWhich of these statements about the Fab portion of antibodies is true? a.It binds to antigens. b.Its amino acid sequences are variable. c. It consists of both H and L chains. d. All of these are true.If B cells making high-affinity IgG4 are unable to switch to IgE at a late stage in the germinal center reaction during a helminth infection, then _____. (Select all that apply.) a. a chronic infection will ensue b. IgG4 will activate macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines c. a type III hypersensitivity reaction will result d. mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils will not be activated e. a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction is required to eradicate the infection.
- Which of the following statements is NOT true of a fever?a. Temperature is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.b. The higher than normal body temperature impairs the functions of some bacteria.c. The higher than normal body temperature is always harmful.d. The higher temperature impairs leukocytes andantibody production.e. Both c and d. Which of the following statements is NOT true of antibodies?a. They bind to foreign antigens, making them susceptible to being engulfed by phagocytes.b. They serve as specific binding sites on B cells.c. An antibody is usually able to bind to a variety of different types of antigensd. They are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.During the secondary immune response, in the serum you would expect a. to find a greater concentration of IgE compared to IgG b. to find a greater concentration of IgM compared to IgG c. to find a greater concentration of IgG compared to IgMthe part of the anitbody that binds an antigen: a. is known as the Fc fragment. b. is called an epitope. c. makes up the tail of the Y- shaped molecule. d. is known as the Fab fragmets.
- An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptoror antibody?(A) the tail(B) the heavy-chain constant regions only(C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chaincombined(D) the light-chain constant regions onlySuperantigensa) are exceptionally large antigen molecules.b) cause a very large antibody response.c) elicit a response from a large number of T cells.d) attach non-specifically to B-cell receptors.e) assist in a protective immune response.What is the single best defining feature of a lymphocyte? A A type of leukocyte B A cell that is specialized to produce cytokines C Present in the circulation D Antigen-specific E Able to undergo cell proliferation What is the characteristic that best defines the adaptive (acquired immune response? A It exhibits immunological memory B It involves leukocytes C It involves cell proliferation D The cells involved recognize pathogens E It is not present at birth
- a. Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonalcollection of antibodies.b. How do monoclonal antibodies differ from this?c. Describe several applications of monoclonals in medicine.Which part of an antibody binds to the antigen?a. Heavy chain.b. Light chain.c. Variable region.d. All of the above. B ceIls do which of the following?a. Develop into plasma cells and memory cellsb. Involved in humoral immunityc. Develop and mature in red bone marrowd. Atl of the aboveSuppose a person recovers normally from viral infections, but then gets the same viral infections over and over again- unlike the rest of us. A. What is probably wrong –B cells, helper T cells and/or cytotoxic T cells? B. Should this person be at a higher risk of cancer than the rest of us? C. Should this person be able to lyse bacterial cells as well as the rest of us? D. Should this person tolerate a graft (from an unreated person) better than you are me?