I'm confused on why mutation-selection balance is responsible for this: looking at the host-parasite co-evolution graph attached and it shows how host genotypes decline in frequency when they are common and increase when they are rare.
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I'm confused on why mutation-selection balance is responsible for this: looking at the host-
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- Let us assume that there is a sub-population of wasps that are evolving towards a longer and thinner ovipositor i.e. longer ovipositors are increasing in frequency in the species. Provide a hypothetical natural selection scenario that would result in such a transition from a thick and short ovipositor to a longer and thinner ovipositor. In your answer, you should include pertinent information on: The Original Population2. Selection Pressures3. Differential Reproductive Success4. Selective Advantages5. Direction of Evolution6. Expected pattern of Evolution66)Parasites are organisms that make a living at the expense of another organism called a host. In populations of hosts and parasites, not all the possible parasite genotypes can successfully infect all the possible host genotypes. The most successful parasite genotypes (i.e. those with the highest fitness) are those that can exploit the most common host genotypes. As a result, the most common host genotypes suffer a decline in fitness. Meanwhile, rare host genotypes are relatively unaffected by parasites and thus enjoy a higher fitness which causes them to become more common. As a host genotype becomes more common, it also becomes a bigger target for parasites and eventually experience a decline in fitness. This is a case of Stabilizing selection Negative frequency dependent selection Disruptive selection Purifying selection Heterozygote advantageWhich row below best describes why the population of adult mosquitoes would drop so dramatically during this time period Feb. 5, 2007 Something is wiping out honey bees across North America and a team of researchers is rushing to find out what it is. What’s being called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has now been seen in Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Florida, Georgia and way out in California. Some bee keepers have lost up to 80 percent of their colonies to the mysterious disorder. Whatever kills the bees targets adult workers, which die outside the colony — with few adults left inside, either alive or dead. The disorder decimates the worker bee population in a matter of weeks. Aside from making honey, honey bees are essential for the pollination of tens of million of dollars worth of cash crops all over the United States. That’s why almond growers of California, for instance, are taking notice and pledging funds to help identify and fight the honey bee disorder. Among the…
- I need help identifying which assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is most affected, then indicating whether what is being described will act to establish or violate equilibrium, and lastly, whether the statement will increase or decrease that population’s genetic variation. Corals synchronize spawning to occur on a single night during a particular tidal event, such as a spring tide. On that night individuals release sperm and eggs into the water, which then form zygotes. Larvae are carried off by currents and settle elsewhere. What assumption is this breeding style affecting and what will it do to VG of that coral species?Hoverflies use Batesian mimics (they exhibit a characteristics of a dangerous species although they are harmless species to avoid predators) of a group of stinging, yellow & black-striped bees and wasps, which are Mullerian mimics (they exhibit similar characteristics of similar species to themselves to avoid predators) of each other. Assuming predators learn to avoid yellow and black insects only through experience, draw the expected relationship between the ratio of Batesian mimics to Mullerian mimics in the community (x-axis) and the probably that mimicry will successfully protect against predation (y-axis).population of 600 scorpions was split into four populations when irrigation canals were built through their habitat. The four new populations were called the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western populations. Each new population consisted of about 150 individuals. The four populations continued to evolve, and no migration occurred among populations. One hundred generations later, each population still has about 150 individuals, and a biologist investigates them. Consider what a biologist expect to see in the four populations after 100 generations if the environment did not change for any of the populations. Would the biologist agree or disagree with the following statements? question 1 agree or disagree Differences among the four populations probably occurred when populations adapted to specific environments, because most evolution results in adaptation. question 2 agree or not Each population would probably have the same number of alleles—that is, versions of genes—than it…
- Imagine two houses that are infested with house mice. In House 1, the mice have a frequency of the “curly coat allele” of 0.7. In House 2, the frequency of that allele is 0.4. Each house contains a population of 40 mice. There are regularly 5 migrants from each house to the other every generation. what is m for House 1? what will the expected frequency of the curly coat allele be in the next genration of House 2? Is evolution occuring in these populations? How do you know?You have sequenced the Rag1 gene in two populations of snails that vary in the amount of parasites. The Rag1 gene codes for proteins that affect the immune system. The results were analyzed looking for synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions and are in the table below. Determine if the populations are under selection and comment on which population has the higher infection of parasites. Population 1 Population 2 Synonymous 5 6 Nonsynonymous 4 13BASED ON THIS GRAPH: A small community that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed weekly with the insecticide DDT for several months. Daily counts providing information on mosquito population size are represented in the graph below. Provide a biological explanation for the changes in the mosquito population over time. Use the terms: insecticide resistance/resistant, natural selection, favorable trait, reproduce, mutation/sexual reproduction
- A small community that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed weekly with the insecticide DDT for several months. Daily counts providing information on mosquito population size are represented in the graph below. Provide a biological explanation for the changes in the mosquito population over time. Use the terms: insecticide resistance/resistant, natural selection, favorable trait, reproduce, mutation/sexual reproduction Use this sentence starter: At the beginning the daily mosquito count (increased/decreased) until month _, then it started to (increase/decrease). This occurred because.. Use NUMBERS FROM THE GRAPHIn this version of the simulation (500 population size; 500 carrying capacity), all fish are equally likely (though not 100% likely) to survive and reproduce. There are no mutations, nor are there any entering or leaving the population. When they reproduce, they choose a mate from the pool at random and produce ten offspring by chance with the probability of the offspring’s genotypes determined by the punnett square. What caused the allele frequencies to change and vary in the trials? (ex attached).Imagine you were to collect data from simulation 2 (negative selective pressure on SS genotypes) over five generations. The frequency of the S allele over time is graphed below. The graph shows a rapid decrease in the sickle cell allele frequency in the first generation but a slower decrease in later generations. By the fifth generation, the allele is not completely eliminated from the population. Provide two plausible explanations for why the S allele persists after five generations.
