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An enzyme immunoassay for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens has a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 98% when compared with culture. This test will be used by an HMO to screen women of reproductive age who are receiving their annual examination. A previous study, which used culture to screen 1000 women, determined that the prevalence of infection was 2%. In this population, which of the following is the predictive value of a positive screening test?
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- Your screening facility can process 1,000 people per week. Assume you are attempting the early detection of a disease with a prevalence of 2%, and your test has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 90%. D- what is the positive predictive value of the screening test? E- what is the negative predictive value of the screening test? F- what would happen to the negative predictive value of the screening test if the prevalence was 5%?A COVID-19 test, which produce result in 10 minutes, has the following test characteristics. The test has a 95% sensitivity and a 95% specificity. The State of Massachusetts is in dilemma whether to test symptomatic individuals or the entire residents to decrease the spread of infection as depicted in the following two scenarios. Scenario A. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test on 40,000 individuals who will develop cough, fever and shortness of breath in the next 10 days to identify COVID-19 infected individuals and institute public health measures. The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 750 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Scenario B. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test to its entire COVID-19 uninfected population (6,750,000). The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 5 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Please help the State of Massachusetts by responding to the…Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Below is a graph showing the prevalence of cases of pertussis in England and Wales. Answer ALL of the following questions based on the graph. 1) What do the orange and the green lines signify? 2) Make TWO inferences on the relationship between the orange and the green lines. 3) Estimate within a 5-year span, the approximate time that a vaccine for pertussis became available.
- A group of researchers wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of mask-wearing, handwashing, social distancing, and other personal protective measures in preventing COVID-19 infections They recruited two groups of participants. Those in group 1 tested positive for COVID-19, whereas those in group 2 tested negative for COVID-19. Each of the participants in each group had a history of recent contact with someone who was confirmed COVID-19 positive . Thereafter, participants in each group were asked whether they wore a face mask, the type of mask, and the frequency of wearing a mask; whether and how frequently they practiced handwashing; and whether they complied with social distancing guidelines. The above describes which of the following epidemiological study designs ? a. Cohort study b. Descriptive study c. Cross-sectional study d. Case-control studyAssuming that there is a certain new vaccine used in the Philippines. The clinical results were: 200 patients were tested and there were 250 true positives, 50 true negatives, 8 false positives, and 12 false negatives. What is the specificity and sensitivity of the new vaccine? Compute for the predictive value of the vaccine. Is the vaccine recommended for release?What significance does the case of Ethics of Administering Anthrax Vaccine to Children have regarding disease prevention and control? Explain your answer. What significance does the case of Water Fluoridation: The Example of Greece have regarding chronic disease prevention and health promotion? Explain your answer. What significance does the case of Safe Water Standards and Monitoring of a Well Construction Program have regarding environmental and occupational public health? Explain your answer. What significance does the case of Medical Tourism and Surrogate Pregnancy: A Case of Ethical Incoherence have regarding vulnerability and marginalized populations? Explain your answer.
- Scenario: As a nurse supervisor working in a COVID 19 ward facility you must know the infection prevention and control measures to prevent cross contamination from one person to another. Applying the Theory of Patricia Benner, how will you consider that you are an expert? Expound your answer Applying the nursing theory of Katie Eriksson, how will you promote caritative caring in a covid19 positive patient?For each of the studies below, put an “A” if it is an example of analytic epidemiology or a “B” if is an example of descriptive epidemiology. __________ Analysis of US mortality data to determine the rates of colorectal cancer deaths for white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic) and Hispanics in 2012. __________ Analysis of survey and laboratory data to determine if individuals with a high salt diet have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ______ Case-control study to determine if patients with a current diagnosis of breast cancer had ever received hormone replacement therapy. ______ Analysis of medical records to determine if diagnosis of hypertension is more or less common among adults age 65 or older compared to those younger than age 65.In an epidemiological study with human subjects, the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable always suggests that: Answer choices one does not cause the other. correlation always equals causation. one caused the other. correlation does not always equal causation.
- An inter-strand grouping of students is working on a study about the Copper-infused materials utilization for real environment viruses and bacteria to address good health and well-being of the target beneficiaries. They want to compare the utilization and non-utilization of copper infused materials if it will yield the same results when introduced to reduce bacterial contamination. QUESTION: Will the choice of sampling technique affect the statistical test to be used? Also, what is the appropriate statistical test to use and why?a) A new test for onuriangiema has a 0.78 probability of positive given a sick patient and a 0.75 probability of a negative given a healthy patient. If the probability of someone in the general population having onuriangiema is 0.34, then what is the probability a positive result means someone has the disease? Give three digits past the decimal point. b) A new test for onuriangiema has a 0.78 probability of positive given a sick patient and a 0.75 probability of a negative given a healthy patient. If the probability of someone in the general population having onuriangiema is 0.34, then what is the probability a negative result means someone has the disease? Give three digits past the decimal point. c) Assume a Hardy-Weinberg distribution for the recessive condition tercho If 9/16 of the population are homozygous dominant then what fraction have tercho? Give three digits past the decimal point.A government official interested in determining the number of infants affected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has approached your hospital to participate in a statewide funded study. The protocol will include the testing of all newborns for HIV, but the mothers will not be told that the test is being done, nor will they be told the results? Using the basic ethical principles (available in the resources file), defend or refute the practice. How will the findings of the proposed study be affected if the protocol is carried out?