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- Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of association used in case-control studies? a. Hazard Ratio b. Odds Ratio c. Prevalence Ratio d. Relative Risk or Risk RatioIf the one- year cumulative incidence for exposed subjects is identical to that of non-exposed subjects then: a. one - years incidence rates must be identical for exposed and non- exposed subjects; b. survival curves must be identical for exposed and non- exposed subjects; c. median time to event must be identical for exposed and non- exposed subjects; d. none of the aboveWhat is the difference between a cohort study and a case control study, and what are the strengths and weaknesses inherent in their design, respectively?
- A researcher uses a 95% confidence interval to test whether an odds ratio of 1.8 is statistically significant (95% CI = 1.3 – 2.6). If the researcher wishes to be more confident and uses a 99% CI, with the same N in each group, the 99% confidence interval will be: A. Narrower because we will have more confidence in the interval.B. Wider, because to be more confident with the same interval you would need alarger sample size.C. Neither. A researcher conducts a prospective cohort study and obtains a Rate Ratio of 2.44 (95% CI 0.81-5.22). In reality there is truly a difference between the exposed group and the unexposed group (the null hypothesis is false). Based on the information provided by the researcher we see that no error has been made. A. True B. FalseOne advantage of case-control studies is that the temporal relationship between exposure and outcome cannot always be ascertained. True or False?Which is the correct equation for the chisquare statistic? Group of answer choices a)x^2 = [(observed-expected)^2]/expected b)x^2 = sum[((observed-expected)^2)/observed] c)x^2 = sum[((observed-expected)^2)/expected] d)x^2 = sum[(observed-expected)/expected] What is a "p-value"? Group of answer choices a)the threshold at which you will reject the null hypothesis b)the probability of the null hypothesis being false c)the percentage of days you are sick during the year d)the probability of the null hypothesis being true
- Using the Public Health Model, describe how one could quantify the risk to a Beatrice employee, with a genetic heart condition, who smokes and lives in Woburn?Please Help with this question: In 1985, a researcher conducted a study of mortality among a cohort of shipyard workers who were employed at Pearl Harbor naval yard during World War II. This example illustrates which type of study design? case-control study prospective cohort study proportional mortality study retrospective cohort studyAn early study found that postal workers who worked in the office had higher rates of coronary heart disease than those who delivered mail on foot. The investigators concluded that physical activity is inversely related to risk of developing coronary heart disease. Sceptics disagreed, pointing out that the postal clerks were older than the postal carriers, and that age is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. This argument highlights the possible role of: -Chance? -Selection bias? -Recall bias? -Confounding?
- We cannot assume that case studies always reveal general principles that apply to all of us. Why not?Note there are no cells on this panel that have a double dose (homozygous) of the K antigen. Which of the following statements is true regarding the K+k- phenotype? Question 6 options: A) The phenotype is rare due to the high prevalence of the k antigen in the population. B) The phenotype is uncommon but does occur in about 10% of the population. C) The phenotype occurs in about 50% of the population. D) Although the phenotype is not represented on this antibody panel, it is fairly common in the population.In which scenario would it be best to select a case-control study design over a retrospective cohort study design? (select one best answer) Group of answer choices a. The outcome being studied is rare b. The exposure of interest is rare c. There are multiple outcomes of interest d. When were are interested in directly calculating incidence rates e. None of the above