In a mammalian liver, glucose 1-phosphate can go in three different direction; glycolysis, replenish bloodstream with glucose, or turn into glycogen. Pick two potential fates and explain what the FIRST step would be to make this happen. Be sure to use the enzyme if necessary and explain a little bit with products and reactants.
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- Which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a.Energy is released when the terminal phosphate group is removed, known as dephosphorylation, whereas energy is needed when a phosphate group is added, also known as phosphorylation. b.A living organism has an unlimited supply of energy. c.Energy mediated by ATP comes from the metabolism of different isomers of C6H12O6 (sugar), such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a.The transfer of energy in living systems use electrons to allow the cell to transfer energy in large amounts. b.Electrons play an important role in redox reactions. This is true because it is the electrons that undergo the redox reactions in living systems. c.For nicotinamide adenine (NAD), its oxidized form is NAD+ while its reduced form is NADH. This is true because NAD+ can accept electrons from an organic molecule.Which nutrient produces more ATP under aerobic conditions in an aerobe, a triglyceride with three 36 carbon fatty acids or 10 glucose molecules? Why? What pathways are involved in each?The complete oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate derived from free glucose yields 30 molecules ATP, whereas the complete oxidation of glucose 6- phosphate derived from glycogen yields 31 molecules of ATP. Account for this difference.
- The enzyme aldolase catalyzes the fourth step of glycolysis. This enzyme has a zinc ion (Zn2+) bound in its active site. This ion likely binds which of the following amino acids? a.A b.K c.S d.G e.DIn glycolysis, how would NADH, ADP and ATP be classified? Would they be considered inhibitors or activators? Also how would they change the binding and state of the protein and why?Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that we will see often in metabolism. What reaction types are catalyzed by each of the following: (a) Kinases (b) Isomerases (c) Aldolases (d) Dehydrogenases
- Predict the effect of each of the following mutations on the pace of glycolysis in liver cells: (a) Loss of the allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase (b) Loss of the binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase (c) Loss of the phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (d) Loss of the binding site for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in pyruvate kinaseBelow is a list of steps that occur after an exercising muscle cell begins degrading amino acids for ATP production. For each step, choose (A) if the process occurs in the muscle cell and (B) if the process occurs in the liver. It will be easiest to answer this question if you first put the steps in order, then decide in which organ they occur. ______ Alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Branched chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Glutamate is deaminated.______ Glutamate is transaminated with pyruvate.______ Ketoacid skeletons resulting from branch chain amino acids enter the CAC.______ Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis.______ Urea is formed from the nitrogen removed from the original branched chain amino acid.Between two extremes. What is the role of a thioester in the formation of ATP in glycolysis?
- What is the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis? Please explain how this enzyme is regulated just after a meal has been consumed.Of eight enzymes in the CAC, why is the succinate dehydrogenase complex unique? Because it is a component of the electron transport chain Because it catalyzes an oxidative reaction Because it is an integral membrane protein All of the above Only A and CIn the Alanine Cycle, different organs work together to produce glucose from protein. Which statement below best describes what happens in which organ? a)In liver, pyruvate is transaminated to alanine; in the muscle, alanine is deaminated and pyruvate is used for ATP synthesis. b)In muscle, pyruvate is transaminated to alanine; in the liver, alanine is deaminated and pyruvate is used for gluconeogenesis. c)The liver exports glucose for use by the brain; in the muscle, alanine is deaminated by the urea cycle for use in ATP generation. d)In muscle, pyruvate is transaminated to alanine; in the liver, alanine enters the urea cycle for excretion.