In a study on the evolution of nocturnal animals, it is observed that relatively unrelated species from different environments have evolved large eyes to see better in low light conditions. This is an example of: Convergent evolution O Divergent evolution Adaptive radiation Coevolution Homology
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- Define the following terms: divergent evolution, convergent evolution, analogous structures, homologous structuresIn studying recent fossils of the genus Homo, such as Cro-Magnon,biologists have determined that modern humans have not undergonemuch biological evolution in the past 50,000 years. Rather, culturalanthropologists argue that cultural evolution has been far moreimportant than biological evolution in the recent history of modernhumans. What do they mean by this? Support your argument withsome examples.The evolution of one species into two or more species as a result of different populations becoming reproductively isolated from each other is best termed as adaptive radiation. True or False.
- Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?DNA-sequencing studies for a gene in two closely relatedspecies produce the following numbers of sites that vary:Synonymous polymorphisms 50Nonsynonymous polymorphisms 20Synonymous species differences 18Nonsynonymous species differences 2Does this result support neutral evolution of the gene?Does it support an adaptive replacement of aminoacids? What explanation would you offer for theobservations?The elaborate tail of the peacock (Pavo cristatus) is approximately 120 cm to 150 cm long, while the tail ofthe peahen is quite short. The long tail reduces the male bird’s ability to maneuver and fly and makes him moreconspicuous to predators. Suggest at least one reason why this cumbersome structure has not been eliminatedby natural selection.
- Anole lizards can be found on many islands in the Caribbean that share similar environmental habitats. Anoles on the different islands share similar ecological morphotypes because of their similar habitats. Anoles on each island have evolved from a common ancestor into a variety of different species that occupy different ecological niches as shown below. Which of the following statements explains how the morphotypes found on one island, and shown in the figure, occurred as a result of speciation? Convergent evolution occurred, causing new species to evolve based on diverse new habitats. Phenotypic diversification occurred as a result of divergent evolution as the anoles adapted to new habitats. Natural selection occurred, so individual anoles with certain phenotypes can survive and reproduce only in a specific ecological niche. Reproductive isolation occurred as a result of habitat isolation since the anoles are unable to move into different ecological niches to breed.PROPOSE A SOLUTION FOR THESE PROBLEMS In the evolution divergence of Sardinella Tawilis, many issues are being addressed in studying this species. These issues are the following: Complexity of the study. Scientific name revisions. Taxonomy impedimen Lack of knowledge. Limited morphologiIcal dat Morphological characterization is not entirely robust. Unknown ancestor. Relationship of Sardinella tawiliswith sister-species Sardinella hualiensis.Scientists often talk about the evidence for evolution. Using the five types of evidence listed here, explain how each suggests the occurrence of evolution: 1) structural homologies, 2) molecular homologies, 3) developmental homologies, 4) fossils (general) and 5) transition fossils.
- Which pattern of evolution is more likely to introduce homoplasies in the relationships between species?A) divergent evolutionB) parallel evolutionC) convergent evolutionAncestral state reconstruction allows evolutionary biologists to answer which of the following questions? The likelihood of speciation events for species on the tree. The evolutionary transition rates between different trait combinations. The evolutionary age of multiple species with the same trait. The evolutionary trajectory of extinct species.Anole lizards can be found on many islands in the Caribbean that share similar environmental habitats. Anoles on the different islands share similar ecological morphotypes because of their similar habitats. Anoles on each island have evolved from a common ancestor into a variety of different species that occupy different ecological niches as shown below. Which of the following statements explains how the morphotypes found on one island, and shown in the figure, occurred as a result of speciation? A - Convergent evolution occurred, causing new species to evolve based on diverse new habitats. B - Phenotypic diversification occurred as a result of divergent evolution as the anoles adapted to new habitats. C - Natural selection occurred, so individual anoles with certain phenotypes can survive and reproduce only in a specific ecological niche. D - Reproductive isolation occurred as a result of habitat isolation since the anoles are unable to move into different ecological niches to breed.