In a three stage alternating offers bargaining game, player 1 demands a fraction x of $100. If this is accepted by player 2, the $100 is split between the players with outcome ($100x,$100(1 - x)). Otherwise, at stage 2, player 2 makes a demand for a fraction y. If this is accepted by player 1, the $100 is divided accordingly but otherwise player 1 can make another offer and demand a fraction z. If that offer is rejected by player 2, the outcome is (0,0). Both players have a discount factor of 1/2. (a) Find a perfect equilibrium for this game. (b) Is there a first-mover advantage?
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- Type out the correct answer ASAP with proper explanation of it In the Ultimatum Game, player 1 is given some money (e.g. $10; this is public knowledge), and may give some or all of this to player 2. In turn, player 2 may accept player 1’s offer, in which case the game is over; or player 2 may reject player 1’s offer, in which case neither player gets any money, and the game is over. a. If you are player 2 and strictly rational, explain why you would accept any positive offer from player 1. b. In reality, many players reject offers from player 1 that are significantly below 50%. Why(a) Find all the Nash Equilibria, if there is any. (no explanation needed for this part (b) Does player 1 (choosing rows) have any dominant action? If yes, which action(s)? Any dominated action(s)? If yes, which ones? Answer the same questions for player 2, too. (c) If player 1 moves first (and player 2 moves next), what would be the sequentially rational equilibrium (draw the game tree and use backward induction)?What if player 2 moves first (and then player 1 moves next)? (d) Looking at your findings in (c), would player 1 want to move first or second or is she indifferent (the order doesn’t matter)?Two individuals each receive fifty dollars to play the following game. Independently of each other, they decide how much money to put in a common pot. They keep the rest for themselves. As for the money in the pot, it is increased by 80% and then distributed equally among the two individuals. For instance, suppose that the first individual puts $10 in the pot while the second individual puts $20. Increasing the total pot of $30 by 80% gives $54 to share equally between the two individuals. So the first individual’s payoff in this case is $(40 + 27) = $67, while the second individual’s payoff is $(30 + 27) = $57. (a) Compute the Nash equilibrium. (b) Is the Nash equilibrium Pareto efficient? Explain
- Two players bargain over $20. Player 1 first proposes a split of(n, 20 - n), where n is an integer in {0, 1, ..., 20}. Player 2 can either accept or reject this proposal. If player accepts it, player 1 obtains $n and player 2 obtains $(20 - n). If player 2 rejects it, the money is taken away from them and both players will get $0. Question: Find two subgame perfect Nash equilibria of this game and state clearly each player's equilibrium strategies (recall that in a dynamic game, a player's strategy is a complete-contingent plan). Explain why the strategy profiles form a subgame perfect equilibrium.PLAYER B LEFT RIGHT UP 5 FOR A, 30 FOR B 10 FOR A, 12 FOR B PLAYER A DOWN -2 FOR A, 10 FOR B 8 FOR A, 15 FOR B In the above game, the players are seeking to maximize the number they recieve. They choose at the same time. What is the Nash equillibrium? Player A will choose UP and player B will choose LEFT Player A will UP and player B will choose RIGHT Player A will choose DOWN and player B will choose LEFT Player A will choose DOWN and player B will choose RIGHT Player A will choose LEFT and player B will choose UP Player A will choose LEFT and player B will choose DOWN Player A will choose RIGHT and player B will choose UP Player A will choose RIGHT and player B will choose DOWNtwo players, a and b are playing an asymmetrical game. there are n points on the game board. each turn player a targets a pair of points and player b says whether those two points are connected or unconnected. a can target each pair only once and the game ends when all pairs have been targeted. player b wins if a point is connected with all other points on the very last turn, while player a wins if any point is connected with all other points on any turn but the very last one or if no point is connected to all other points after the last turn. for what values of n does either player have a winning strategy?
- If the players play pure strategies, the game has no Nash equilibrium. But what if they choose their moves randomly? Let each player instead opt for a mixed strategy instead of a pure strategy. The first will play action Z with probability p, and the second will play action L with probability q. At which pair (p, q) are the mixed strategies of the players in equilibrium? At which pair (p, q) does neither player want to change strategy? When are both strategies simultaneously the best response?Consider the strategic voting game discussed at the endof this chapter, where we saw that the strategy profile (Bustamante, Schwarzenegger,Schwarzenegger) is a Nash equilibrium of the game. Show that (Bustamante, Schwarzeneg-ger, Schwarzenegger) is, in fact , the only rationalizable strategy profile. Do this by firstconsidering the dominated strategies of player L. (Basically, the question is asking youto find the outcome of the iterative elimination of strictly dominated strategies)Player 1 and Player 2 are trying to agree on how to split a pie of size 1 in a two-stage bargaining game. If no agreement is reached after the two stages are complete, the pie is split for them according to a pre-arranged agreement that gives Player 1 and Player 2 one-quarter and three quarters of the pie, respectively. In the first stage, Player 1 makes an offer (x1, x2), where x1 + x2 = 1. Player 2 can either accept this offer (at which point the game ends and the pie is split according to Player 1’s offer), or can make a counter-offer. When Player 2 makes a counter offer, Player 1 can either accept (in which case the pie is split according to Player 2’s offer) or can reject, in which case the pie is split according to the pre-arranged agreement. Both players have a discount factor d – getting dx in the first stage (after Player 1’s proposal) is as good as getting x in the second stage (after Player 2’s proposal). a) In the last stage of the game, Player 1 will accept any offer…
- Consider the following game. There are two payers, Player 1 and Player 2. Player 1 chooses a row (10, 20, or 30), and Player 2 chooses a column (10/20/30). Payoffs are in the cells of the table, with those on the left going to Player 1 and those on the right going to player 2. Suppose that Player 1 chooses his strategy (10, 20 or 30), first, and subsequently, and after observing Player 1’s choice, Player 2 chooses his own strategy (of 10, 20 or 30). Which of the following statements is true regarding this modified game? I. It is a simultaneous move game, because the timing of moves is irrelevant in classifying games.II. It is a sequential move game, because Player 2 observes Player 1’s choice before he chooses his own strategy.III. This modification gives Player 1 a ‘first mover advantage’. A) I and IIB) II and IIIC) I and IIID) I onlyE) II onlyif Y = 4 (a) If ⟨a,d⟩ is played in the first period and ⟨b,e⟩ is played in the second period, what is the resulting (repeated game) payoff for the row player? (b) What is the highest payoff any player can receive in any subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the repeated game?Consider the following two person game. Player 1 begins the game by choosing A or B. If Player 1 chooses A the game ends and Player 1 receives $100 and Player 2 receives $100. If Player 1 chooses B then Player 2 must choose C or D. If Player 2 chooses C then Player 1 receives $150 and Player 2 receives $250. If Player 2 chooses D then Player 1 receives $0 and Player 2 receives $400. Draw the complete game tree for this situation. Be sure to accurately label the tree and include the payoffs. Using backwards induction (look forward and reason backwards) determine the rational outcome to this game. Given how experimental subjects have behaved in the Ultimatum game, provide a behavioral explanation for why an “average” Player 1 and 2 might deviate from the rational prediction.